Hilgardia
Hilgardia
Hilgardia
University of California
Hilgardia

Vineyard managers and researchers seek sustainable solutions for mealybugs, a changing pest complex

Authors

Walt J. Bentley
Kent M. Daane
David R. Haviland
Serguei V. Triapitsyn
Lynn R. Wunderlich
Glenn Y. Yokota
Kris E. Godfrey
Monica L. Cooper
Vaughn M. Walton

Authors Affiliations

W. J. Bentley is Areawide Advisor, UC Kearney Agricultural Center; K. M. Daane is Cooperative Extension Specialist, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley; D. R. Haviland is Cooperative Extension Farm Advisor, UC Cooperative Extension (UCCE), Kern County; S. V. Triapitsyn is Principal Museum Scientist, Department of Entomology, UC Riverside; L. R. Wunderlich is Cooperative Extension Advisor, UCCE El Dorado and Amador counties; G. Y. Yokota is Staff Research Associate, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley; K. E. Godfrey is Research Entomologist, Biological Control Program, California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA); M. L. Cooper is Staff Research Associate, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley; V. M. Walton is Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley.

Publication Information

Hilgardia 62(4):167-176. DOI:10.3733/ca.v062n04p167. October 2008.

PDF of full article, Cite this article

Abstract

Mealybugs have become increasingly important vineyard pests — a result of their direct damage to the vine, their role in transmitting grapevine leafroll viruses, and the costs for their control. Numerous mealybug species are found in vineyards, and each has different biological traits that affect sustainable control options. We review the mealybug pests and their natural enemies to provide some clarification about current trends in biological control tactics and needed directions for future work.

References

Bartlett BR, Clausen CP, DeBach P, et al. Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: A world review. 1978. Washington, DC: USDA Agricul Handbook No 480.

Ben-Dov Y. A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae, and Puttoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology, and economic importance Hampshire, UK: Intercept Ltd. 686 p.

Bruno A, Figadère BA, McElfresh IS, et al. Trans-$$alpha$$-Necrodyl isobutyrate, the sex pheromone of the grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus. Tetrahedron Letters. 2007. 48:8434-7. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.09.155 https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.09.155

Charles JG. Diadiplosis koebelei Koebele (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a predator of Pseudccocus longispinus T-T. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), newly recorded from New Zealand. N Zeal J Zool. 1985. 12:331-3.

Clausen CP. The parasites of Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrborn) in California (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea), Part II Biological studies and life histories. UC Pub Entomcl. 1924. 3:253-88.

Costello MJ, Daane KM. Abundance of spiders and insect predators on grapes in central California. J Arachnol. 1999. 27:531-8.

Daane KM, Bentley WJ, Walton VM, et al. New controls investigated for vine mealybug. Cal Ag. 2006. 60:31-8.

Daane KM, Cooper ML, Triapitsyn SV, et al. Parasitoids of obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hem.: Pseudococcidae) in California vineyards: Establishment of Pseudaphycus flavidulus (Brèthes) (Hym.: Encyrtidae) and discussion of reared parasitoid species. BioControl So Technol. 2008. 18:43-57. doi:10.1080/09583150701729906 https://doi.org/doi:10.1080/09583150701729906

Daane KM, Gonzalez D, Bianchi M, et al. Mealybugs in grape vineyards. Grape Grower. 1996. 28((5)):10-12.

Daane KM, Malakar-Kuenen R, Walton VM. Temperature development of Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as a parasitoid of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Biol Contr. 2004. 31:123-32. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.04.010 https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.04.010

Daane KM, Malakar-Kuenen R, Yokota GY, et al. Investigation of mealybug population dynamics to forecast and prevent outbreaks and improve biological controls. Calif Table Grape Comm Ann Rep. 2001. 29:16-

Daane KM, Sime KR, Fallon K, Cooper ML. Impacts of Argentine ants on mealybugs and their natural enemies in California's coastal vineyards. Ecol Entomol. 2007. 32:583-96. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2007.00910.x https://doi.org/doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2007.00910.x

Daane KM, Yokota GY. Release methods affect egg survival and distribution of augmentated green lacewings (Chrysopidae: Neuroptera). Env Entomol. 1997. 26:455-64.

DeBach P, Fleschner CA, Dietrick EJ. Population studies of the long-tailed mealybug and its natural enemies on citrus trees in southern California. J Econ Entomol. 1949. 42:777-82.

Doutt RL, Hagen KS. Biological control measures applied against Pseudococcus maritimus on pears. J Econ Entomol. 1950. 43:94-6.

Essig EO. The mealybugs of California. Monthly Bull, Calif State Comm Hort. 1914. 3:18-143.

Flaherty DL, Peacock WL, Bettiga L, Leavitt GM. Chemicals losing effect against grape mealybug. Cal Ag. 1982. 36(3):15-6.

Geiger CA, Daane KM. Seasonal movement and sampling of the grape mealybug, Pseudococcidae) maritimus (Ehrhorn) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in San Joaquin Valley vineyards. J Econ Entomol. 2001. 94:291-301. PubMed PMID: 11233128

Gonzalez D. Biological control of the vine mealybug in the Coachella Valley. Calif Table Grape Comm Ann Rep,. 1998. Vol 26:4 p.-

Grasswitz TR, Burts EC. Effect of native natural enemies on the population dynamics of the grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Hom.: Pseudococcidae), in the apple and pear orchards. Entomophaga. 1995. 40:105-17. doi:10.1007/BF02372686 https://doi.org/doi:10.1007/BF02372686

Grimes EW, Cone WW. Life history, sex attraction, mating and natural enemies of the grape mealybug. Pseudococcus maritimus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am. 1985. 78:554-8.

Gullan PJ, Downie DA, Steffan SA. A new pest species of the mealybug genus Ferrisia Fullaway (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from the United States. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 2003. 96:723-37. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0723:ANPSOT]2.0.CO;2 https://doi.org/doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2003)096[0723:ANPSOT]2.0.CO;2

Gutierrez AP, Daane KM, Ponti L, et al. Prospective evaluation of the biological control of the vine mealybug: Refuge effects and climate change. J Appl Ecol. 2008. 45:524-36. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01356.x https://doi.org/doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01356.x

Haviland D, Beede R, Godfrey K, Daane K. Ferrisia gilli: A new mealybug pest of pistachios and other deciduous crops. 2006. Oakland, CA: UC ANR Pub 8203.

Haviland DR, Bentley WJ, Daane KM. Hot water treatments to control Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in grape nursery stock. J Econ Entomol. 2005. 98:1109-15. PubMed PMID: 16156560

Hinkens DM, McElfresh JS, Millar JG. Identification and synthesis of the sex attractant pheromone of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus. Tetrahedron Letters. 2001. 42:1619-21. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)02347-9 https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)02347-9

Millar JG, Daane KM, McElfresh JS, et al. Development and optimization of methods for using sex pheromone for monitoring the mealybug Planococcus ficus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in California vineyards. J Econ Entomol. 2002. 95:706-14. PubMed PMID: 12216810

Millar JG, Midland Sl, McElfresh JS, Daane KM. (2,3,4, 4-tetramethylcyclopentyl)rnethyl acetate, a sex pheromone from the obscure mealybug: First example of a new structural class of monoterpenes. J Chem Ecol. 2005. 31:2999-3005. doi:10.1007/s10886-005-9320-0 https://doi.org/doi:10.1007/s10886-005-9320-0 PubMed PMID: 16283090

Miller D, Gill RJ, Williams DJ. Taxonomic analysis of Pseudococcus affinis (Maskell). A senior synonym of Pseudococcus obscurus Essig, and a comparison with Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) (Homoptera Pseudococcidae). Proc Entornol Soc Wash. 1984. 86:703-13.

Neuenschwander P, Hagen KS. Role of the predator Hemerobius pacificus in a non-insecticide treated artichoke field. Environ Entomol. 1980. 9:492-5.

Noyes JS, Hayat M. Oriental Mealybug Parasitoids of the Anagyrini (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). 1994. London: Natural History Museum. 576 p.p.

Phillips PA, Sherk CJ. To control mealybugs stop honeydew-seeking ants. Cal Ag. 1991. 45(2):26-8.

Roltsch BJ, Meyerdirk DE, Warkentin R, et al. Classical biological control of the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconeilicoccus hirsutus (Green), in southern California. Biol Contr. 2006. 37:155-66. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.01.006 https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.01.006

Smith HS. Insect parasites and predators as adjuncts in the control of mealybugs. Monthly Bull, Calif State Dept Hort. 1916. 5:108-14.

Smith HS, Armitage HM. Biological control of mealybugs in California. Monthly Bull, Calif State Dept Agricul. 1920. 9:104-58.

Stafford EM, Kido H. Control of grape mealybug in California. J Econ Entomol. 1955. 48:101-2.

Triapitsyn SV, Gonzalez D, Vickerman DB, et al. Morphological, biological, and molecular comparisons among the different geographical populations of Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of Planococcus spp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), with notes on Anagyrus dactyiopii.. Biol Contr. 2007. 41:14-24. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.12.013 https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.12.013

Walton VM, Daane KM, Bentley WJ, et al. Pheromone-based mating disruption of Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in California vineyards. J Econ Entomol. 2006. 99:1280-90. PubMed PMID: 16937683

Walton VM, Pringle KL. Vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a key pest in South African vineyards: A review. So Afr J Enol Viticul. 2004. 25:54-62.

Wunderlich LR, Giles DK. Field assessment of adhesion and hatch of Chrysoperla eggs mechanically applied in liquid carriers. Biol Contr. 1999. 14:159-67. doi:10.1006/bcon.1998.0686 https://doi.org/doi:10.1006/bcon.1998.0686

Bentley W, Daane K, Haviland D, Triapitsyn S, Wunderlich L, Yokota G, Godfrey K, Cooper M, Walton V. 2008. Vineyard managers and researchers seek sustainable solutions for mealybugs, a changing pest complex. Hilgardia 62(4):167-176. DOI:10.3733/ca.v062n04p167
Webmaster Email: sjosterman@ucanr.edu