Toxicity studies with sodium chlorate in eighty California soils

Grafts, A

Toxicity studies with sodium chlorate in eighty California soils

Author

A. S. Grafts

Author Affiliations

A. S. Grafts was Assistant Professor of Botany and Assistant Botanist in the Experiment Station.

Publication Information

Hilgardia 12(3):231-247. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v12n03p231. January 1939.

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Abstract

Abstract does not appear. First page follows.

Introduction

The successful use of sodium chlorate as a herbicide in a region having such diverse soil and climatic conditions as California requires accurate knowledge of the relation of soil and climatic factors to its toxic action. Several publications have discussed the more important of these factors ⁽¹⁾-⁽⁵⁾, ⁽⁸⁾-⁽⁹⁾3 and preliminary work on their relative importance has been reported ⁽³⁾-⁽⁵⁾, ⁽⁸⁾-⁽¹¹⁾, ⁽¹³⁾.

For practical weed control with sodium chlorate, one needs a schedule of dosages to meet various field conditions. The principal difficulty in developing such a schedule is the many factors involved in the end result of chlorate application ⁽²⁾. Besides the initial toxicity4 as determined primarily by nitrate concentration of the soil ⁽⁵⁾, leaching by rains and difference in susceptibility of weed species to chlorate are involved.

To solve the problems of chlorate toxicity, one must separate these several factors and determine the range through which each may be manipulated independently of the others. Only thus may all possible situations be anticipated and each factor properly adjusted. St. Johnswort (Klamath weed), for instance, on a sandy soil with an annual precipitation of 40 inches will require an entirely different treatment than hoary cress on clay soil in an arid region. In this field, obviously, the commercial concerns distributing sodium chlorate for herbicidal purposes have done little or nothing. Realizing the need for more accurate dosage recommendations, the writer collected 80 type soils of California, including most of the series important in agriculture. The effects of soil type and soil fertility upon chlorate toxicity in these soils were investigated. The relation between fertility and chlorate toxicity ⁽⁵⁾ revealed in these tests has been used as a basis for a proposed schedule of dosage that should prove useful wherever the chemical may be evenly distributed.

Literature Cited

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[2.] Crafts A. S. Physiological problems connected with the use of sodium chlorate in weed control. Plant Physiol. 1935. 10:699-711. DOI: 10.1104/pp.10.4.699 [CrossRef]

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[7.] Crafts A. S., Rosenfels R. S. Toxicity studies with arsenic in eighty California soils. Hilgardia. 1939. 12(3):177-200. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v12n03p177 [CrossRef]

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[9.] Loomis W. E., Smith E. V., Bissey Russell, Arnold L. E. The absorption and movement of sodium chlorate where used as an herbicide. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 1933. 25:724-39.

[10.] Newton J. D., Paul A. D. Decomposition and movement of herbicides in soils, and effects on soil microbiological activity and subsequent crop growth. Part II. Canadian Jour. Research C,. 1935. 13:101-14. DOI: 10.1139/cjr35c-007 [CrossRef]

[11.] Raynor R. N. Chemical control of St. Johnswort. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1937. 615:1-38. https://archive.org/details/chemicalcontrolo615rayn DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.59318 [CrossRef]

[12.] Rosenfels R. S., Crafts A. S. Arsenic fixation in relation to the sterilization of soils with sodium arsenite. Hilgardia. 1939. 12(3):201-29. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v12n03p201 [CrossRef]

[13.] Wilson H. K., Crim R. F., Larson A. H. Perennial weeds and their control. Minnesota Agr. Ext. Spec. Bul. 1937. 183:1-28.

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