A Comparison of Aonidiella aurantii and Aonidiella citrina, including a study of the
      internal anatomy of the latter

Nel, R

A Comparison of Aonidiella aurantii and Aonidiella citrina, including a study of the internal anatomy of the latter

Author

Robert G. Nel

Author Affiliations

Robert G. Nel was Graduate student, 1929-30, in the Graduate School of Tropical Agriculture and Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside.

Publication Information

Hilgardia 7(11):417-466. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v07n11p417. April 1933.

PDF of full article, Cite this article

Abstract

Abstract does not appear. First page follows.

This investigation was undertaken for two reasons: first, to determine the actual status of Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) and its so-called variety, A. citrina (Coq.); and second, to learn more about the internal anatomy of the Diaspidinae, as certain structural features still seem to be matters of controversy.

Because of their distinct differences in color and mode of attack, aurantii and citrina are respectively recognized as the red scale and yellow scale. In fact, so specific are they in these differences that their identity is hardly ever confused; to workers in the field the names red and yellow scales mean two different insects. From a systematic viewpoint, however, distinction has not been so clear-cut, as no morphological differences could be detected upon which a differentiation could be based, with the result that citrina, instead of being given specific standing, has been classified as a variety of aurantii.

History and Synonymy

By referring to Fernald⁽⁸⁾A Catalogue of the Coccidae of the World, and to subsequent publications on the Coccidae, one finds that Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) has been described under many different names. As a result, a long list of synonyms has gradually been built up. It is not within the scope of this paper to enter into an extended discussion of these synonyms. The writer will, therefore, limit himself only to those main genera that played the most important roles in the complicated systematic history of the species concerned.

Literature Cited

[1] Berlese A., Leonardi G. Le Cocciniglie italiane viventi sugli agrumi. III. I Diaspiti. Riv. Patol. Veget. 1895. 4:74-179. 195-292

[2] Brain C. K. The Coccidae of South Africa. III. Bul. Ent. Res. 1919. 9:197-239. DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300037950 [CrossRef]

[3] Childs L. The anatomy of the Diaspinine scale insect, Epidiaspis piricola (del Guer). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1914. 7: p. 47-60.

[4] Cockerell T. D. A. First supplement to the check-list of the Coccidae. Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist. Bul. 1899. 5:389-398.

[5] Comstock J. H. Report of the entomologist. 1880. p. 293-295. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1880.

[6] Coquillett D. W. Report on various methods for destroying scale insects. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent. Bul. 1891. 23:19-36.

[7] Emeis W. Ueber Entwicklung bei den Cocciden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Anat. Ontog. 1915. 39:27-78.

[8] Fernald Mrs. Marie E. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. 1903. Amherst, Mass: Carpenter and More-house. 360p.

[9] Ferris G. F. A note on the occurrence of abdominal spiracles in the Coccidae (Hemiptera). Can. Ent. 1918. 50:85-88. DOI: 10.4039/Ent5085-3 [CrossRef]

[10] Gage S. H. The microscope. 1925. Comstock Publishing Co. 517p. Ithaca N. Y.

[11] Green E. E. On the grouped abdominal glands of the Diaspinae. Ent. Month. Mag. 1896. 32:85-86.

[12] Green E. E. The Coccidae of Ceylon. II. 1899. London: Dulau and Co. xiii-xlip. +105-1

[13] Howard L. O. The hymenopterous parasites of the California red scale. Insect Life. 1894. 6:227-236.

[14] Imms A. D. A general textbook of entomology. 1925. Ltd., London: Methuen and Co. 698p. 604 fig.

[15] Kitao Z. Notes on the anatomy of Warajicoccus corpulentus Kuwana, a scale insect noxious to various oaks. Jour. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokio. 1928. 10:1-20.

[16] Leuckart E. Zur Kenntniss des Generationswechsels und der Parthenogenesis bei den Insecten. 1858. Frankfurt: Meidinger. 112p.

[17] Leydig F. Zur anatomie von Coccus hesperidum. Zeit. Wiss. Zool. 1854. 5: p. 1-12.

[18] List F. H. Orthezia cataphracta Shaw. Eine Monographic Zeit. Wiss. Zool. 1886. 45:pp.1-86.

[19] Lubbock J. W. On the ova and pseudova of insects. Philos. Trans. 1859. 149:341-369. DOI: 10.1098/rstl.1859.0018 [CrossRef]

[20] MacGillivray A. D. The Coccidae. 1921. Urbana, Ill: Scarab Co. 502p.

[21] Mark E. L. Beiträge zur anatomie und histologie der pflanzenläuse, insbesondere der Cocciden. 1876. Bonn: Carl Georgi. 58p.

[22] Maskell W. M. On some Coccidae in New Zealand. Trans. New Zealand Inst. 1878. 11:187-228.

[23] Moulton D. The Monterey pine scale, Physokermes insignicola (Craw). Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci. 1907. 12: p. 1-26.

[24] Muir F., Kershaw J. C. On the homologies and mechanism of the mouthparts of Hemiptera. Psyche. 1911. 18:1-12.

[25] Newstead R. Monograph of the Coccidae of the British Isles 1901. 1: London: Roy. Soc. pp.1-220.

[26] Oguma K. A new scale insect, Xylococcus alni on alder, with special reference to its metamorphosis and anatomy. Jour. Coll. Agr. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 1919. 8:77-109.

[27] Putnam J. D. Biological and other notes on the Coccidae. Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci. 1879. 2:293-347.

[28] Quayle H. J. The red or orange scale, Chrysomphalus aurantii Mask. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1911. 222: p. 99-150.

[29] Savage R. E. The respiratory system of Monophlebus stebbingi var. octocaudata. Bul. Ent. Res. 1914. 5: p. 45-47. DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300034520 [CrossRef]

[30] Schmidt O. Metamorphose und anatomie der männlichen Aspidiotus nerii. Archiv. Naturg. 1885. 51: p. 169-200.

[31] Shinji G. O. Embryology of Coccids with special reference to the formation of the ovary, origin and differentiation of the germ cells, germ layers, rudiments of the midgut, and the intracellular symbiotic organism. Jour. Morph. 1919. 33:75-126. DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1050330104 [CrossRef]

Also in this issue:

Cotton quotas and allotments: Impact of area variations in farm resources and past crop production patterns on farm income

State's fruit areas: Four major areas produce most of California's fruit and nut crops

Leaf miner on deciduous fruits: Timing of spray applications important factor in control of pest on pear, apple, and cherry leaves

Yellow dwarf of cereals: Effect of date of planting and a study of the host range and varietal reaction to the virus

Alkali soil reclamation: Most carbon dioxide added to irrigation water is lost into atmosphere and as reclaiming agent

Electronic sorting of lemons: Mechanical sorting by color of other fruit and vegetables indicated by successful lemon sorter

Tests on freezing in lemons: Preliminary experiments on sub cooling and freezing in lemons seek mechanism of ice initiation and spread

Leaf potassium: Valencia fruit size relationship shown to be variable by studies

Air pollution injury to crops: Injurious components of smog identified as derivatives of petroleum products while annual crop damage increases

Bermuda-bentgrass mixture: Grass combination resistant to heavy pedestrian traffic sought for use in public parks and recreational areas