Etiology and transmission of endosepsis (internal rot) of the fruit of the fig

Caldis, P

Etiology and transmission of endosepsis (internal rot) of the fruit of the fig

Author

Panos D. Caldis

Author Affiliations

Panos D. Caldis was Junior Plant Pathologist. Resigned June 30, 1926.

Publication Information

Hilgardia 2(7):287-346. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v02n07p287. January 1927.

PDF of full article, Cite this article

Abstract

Abstract does not appear. First page follows.

Figs, Caprifigs, and Caprification

A comprehensive discussion of the diseases of the fruit of the fig should take into consideration its structural peculiarities. Eisen⁽¹⁰⁾, ⁽¹¹⁾ discusses exhaustively the morphology and structure of this fruit. Condit ⁽⁵⁾ gives a brief discussion of the fig fruit and its structure.

The fig is a nearly closed, more or less hollow receptacle, the inner walls of which are lined by the flowers when immature and by the fruit when ripe. It is not, therefore, a fruit in the strict botanical sense of the word but an aggregation of fruits lining the cavity of a hollow receptacle, technically a synconium, with an opening at the center of the flattened, distal end, which is closed during the early stages by a system of overlapping bracts. As the fig begins to ripen and soften these bracts or scales loosen and an opening is formed, the diameter of which varies from 2 to 10 mm., according to the variety of fig. This opening is usually referred to as the “eye” of the fig. In the ripe fig the wall of the receptacle to which the flowers are attached is called “the meat,” and the aggregation of mature florets “the pulp.” Figure 1 shows the internal appearance of the receptacle when split longitudinally. The flowers of the fig vary with the variety, the sex, and the crop.

Literature Cited

[(1)] Society of American Bacteriologists. Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, 1-442. 1923. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co.

[(2)] Caldis P. D. A rot of the Smyrna fig in California. Sience, n.s. 1925. 62:161-162. DOI: 10.1126/science.62.1598.161 [CrossRef]

[(3)] Chen C. C. Internal fungous parasites of agricultural seeds. Maryland Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1920. 240:81-110.

[(4)] Condit I. J. Why our trees are dying. Farm Bureau Review. 1921. 1:15

[(5)] Condit I. J. Caprifigs and caprification. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1922. 319:341-377.

[(6)] Condit I. J. Die-back of the fig in California. Fig and Olive Jour. 1919. 4:11-12.

[(7)] Coons G. H. Factors involved in the growth and the pycnidium formation of Plenodomus fuscomaculans. Jour. Agr. Res. 1916. 5:713-769.

[(8)] Cotte J., Reynier A. La dioecie du figuier et Blastophaga psenes L. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 1923. 88:500-502.

[(9)] Edgerton C. W. Diseases of the fig tree and fruit. Louisiana Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1911. 126:1-20.

[(10)] Eisen Gustav. Biological studies on figs, caprifigs and caprification. Proc. California Acad. Sci., II. 1896. 5:897-1003.

[(11)] Eisen Gustav. The fig: its history, culture, and curing. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Pom. Bul. 1901. 9:1-317. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.15519 [CrossRef]

[(12)] Esterlich Pedro. La higuera y su coltivo en España, 1-228 1915. Barcelona.

[(13)] Ferrari E. La coltivazione del fico nel Circondario di Paola (Consenza) memoria monografica. Ann. R. Staz. Agrum. Frutticol. 1912. 1:141-177.

[(14)] Gould H. P. Fig growing in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bul. 1923. 1031:1-47.

[(15)] Grandi G. Studio morfologico e biologico della Blastophaga psenes L 1920. pp.1-144. Portici.

[(16)] Grandi G. Gli insetti dei caprifichi. Riv. Biol. 1923. 5:1-26.

[(17)] Guglielmi G. Coltivazione industriale del fico nel leccese. Memoria monografica. Bol. Arboric. Ital. 1908. 4:11-17. 57-64, 114-125, 152-156.

[(18)] Guillochon G. Traito pratique d’horticulture pour le Nord d’Afrique, 263-270 1913. Tunis.

[(19)] Hodgson R. W. A black rot of figs. Phytopath. 1918. 8:545-546.

[(20)] McWhorter F. P. A simple method for making counts of small spores. Science, n.s. 1926. 63:211-212. DOI: 10.1126/science.63.1625.211-a [CrossRef]

[(21)] Matz J. Some diseases of the fig. Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1918. 149:1-10.

[(22)] Morris H. E., Nutting Grace. Identification of certain species of Fusaria isolated from potato tubers in Montana. Jour. Agr. Res. 1923. 24:339-364.

[(23)] Phillips E. H. Some fig diseases. Phytopath. 1922. 12:107

[(24)] Phillips E. H., Smith E. H., Smith R. E. Fig smut. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1925. 387:1-38.

[(25)] Pierce N. B. Investigations of the special agent in California. U. S. Dept. Agr., Secy. Rept. 1893. 1892:238-241.

[(26)] Portale F. La coltivazione del fico nel circondario di Mistretta. Memoria monografica. Boll. Arbor. Ital. 1910. 6:1-53.

[(27)] Porter C. L. Concerning the characters of certain fungi as exhibited by their growth in the presence of other fungi. Am. Jour. Bot. 1924. 11:168-188. DOI: 10.2307/2435538 [CrossRef]

[(28)] Potts A. T. The fig in Texas. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1917. 208:1-41.

[(29)] Rand F. V., Pierce W. D. A coördination of our knowledge of insect transmission in plant and animal diseases. Phytopath. 1920. 10:189-231.

[(30)] Rettger L. F., Sherrick J. L. Studies on bacterial variation. Jour. Med. Res. 1911. 24:265-284.

[(31)] Rixford G. P. Smyrna fig culture. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1918. 732:1-43.

[(32)] Roeding G. E. The Smyrna fig at home and abroad, 1-87 1903. Fresno, Calif.

[(33)] Rosa Francesco de. Di alcuni fichi Salentini. Atti R. Inst. Incorr. Napoli, VI. 1911. 9:1-36.

[(34)] Scheurlen . Geschichtliche und experimentelle studien über den prodigiosus. Archiv. für Hygiene. 1896. 26:1-13.

[(35)] Sheldon J. L. A corn mold, Fusarium moniliforme n. sp. Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta. Rept. 1903. 17:23-32.

[(36)] Sherbakoff C. D. Fusaria of potatoes. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 1915. 6:97-269.

[(37)] Sideris C. P. Studies on the behavior of Fusarium cromiophthoron Sid. in carbohydrates, glucosides, proteins and various decoctions, with discussion on the “isometabolic point” of substances. Phytopath. 1925. 15:129-145.

[(38)] Sideris C. P. The rôle of the hydrogen-ion concentration on the development of pigment in Fusaria. Jour. Agr. Res. 1925. 30:1011-1019.

[(39)] Siniscalchi A. La coltivazione del fico nel Gilento (Prov. de Salermo). Memoria monografica. Boll. Arbor. Ital. 1911. 7:25-54.

[(40)] Smith E. H., Phillips E. H. Studies of the so-called “smut” of white fig varieties. Monthly Bul. California State Dept. Agr. 1922. 11:755-758.

[(41)] Stevens F. L., Hall G. A new anthracnose of figs. North Carolina Agr. Exp. Sta. Rept. 1909. 32:86-89.

[(42)] Trabut L. Ennemis et maladies du figuier. Bul. Agric. Afr. Nord. 1923. 29:117-124.

[(43)] Vallese Ferdinando. La caprificazione in Terra d’Otranto, 1-68 1904. Lecce.

[(44)] Vallese Ferdinando. In fico. 1909. Catania: Biblioteca d’agricoltura e industrie affini. p. 1-374.

[(45)] Wineland G. O. An ascigerous stage and synonymy for Fusarium moniliforme. Jour. Agr. Res. 1924. 28:909-933.

[(46)] Wolff . Modifications and mutants of B. prodigiosus and other Schizomycetes produced experimentally. Zeit. Indukt. Abst. Vererb. 1909. 2:90

[(47)] Wollenweber H. E., Sherbakoff C. D., Reinking O. A., Johann H., Bailey A. A. Fundamentals for taxonomic studies of Fusarium. Jour. Agr. Res. 1925. 30:833-843.

[(48)] Wollenweber H. E., Reinking O. A. Aliquot Fusaria tropicalia nova vel revisa. Phytopath. 1925. 15:155-170.

Also in this issue:

Walnut situation and outlook: As of April, 1948

Wedgeleaf ceanothus, range brush: Increase studied and control method recommended

Codling moth on walnuts: Southern California studies of varying methods of DDT application

Washington navels: 2,4-D water sprays to reduce preharvest drop of oranges

Good range management: Practices are especially important to stockmen during years of deficient rainfall

Chemical weed control equipment: Pumps, power, tanks, booms, and nozzles must fit crop requirements for best results

New seedless table grapes: Perlette and Delight, two new early maturing varieties

Freestone peaches: Successfully dried when dehydrated according to recommended practice

Caterpillars on tomatoes: Recognition of the kind is the first requirement in control program

Sulfur house operation: Simple procedure requires good materials and exacting care

Salt water in wells: Intrusion into water wells limited to certain areas

Dry bark of lemons prevalent: In coastal areas on various rootstocks and found to extend inland

California blackeye 5: State's third most important dry bean being improved for wilt resistance

Red scale on citrus: Use of DDT for control studied