Chromosomal survey of the armored and palm scale insects (Coccoïdea: Diaspididae and
      Phoenicococcidae)

Brown, S

Chromosomal survey of the armored and palm scale insects (Coccoïdea: Diaspididae and Phoenicococcidae)

Author

Spencer W. Brown

Author Affiliations

Spencer W. Brown was Professor of Genetics and Geneticist in the Experiment Station, University of California, Berkeley.

Publication Information

Hilgardia 36(5):189-294. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v36n05p189. January 1965.

PDF of full article, Cite this article

Abstract

A chromosomal survey of 140 species of 73 genera of armored and palm scale insects revealed the distribution of the 3 chromosome systems (Iecanoid, Comstockiella, and diaspidid), of parthenogenesis, and of variation in chromosome number among the subdivisions of this section of the coccids, the Diaspidoïdae.

The heterochromatic Comstockiella system, with which the Iecanoid system is usually associated, is the basic system of the section and is found in all the tribes for which sexual forms are known, as well as in the palm scales, however defined. The heterochromatic Iecanoid system has been found only once by itself, in a species of palm scale. The diaspidid system is restricted to the two major tribes of the armored scales, the Diaspidini and Aspidiotini, where it has been found in the majority of forms.

Parthenogenesis is widespread, and unisexual strains have been newly discovered in several species previously considered sexual. Contrary to what might be expected, there is little variation in chromosome number in the parthenogenetic forms.

The basic haploid chromosome numbers are 5 for the palm scales (restricted sense) and 4 for the armored scales. A somewhat higher basic number may exist for the nude forms, such as Phoenicococcus marlatti (excluded here from the palm scales in the restricted sense) and Xanthophthalma concinnum. Chromosome numbers range from 3 to 9; there is considerably more variation in chromosome number in the Diaspidini than in the Aspidiotini. In the latter tribe, however, the Comstockiella chromosome system may be playing a more active role in evolution than in the former.

In addition, various cytological aspects, ranging from details of spermiogenesis to the formation of chromocenters in mycetocytes, have been described for certain species.

Literature Cited

Balachowsky A. S. Les cochenilles de France, d’Europe, du Nord de l’Afrique et du bassin méditerranéen. IV, Monographie des Coccoïdea. Classification: Diaspidinae (1^re partie). Act. Sci. et Ind., No. 1054. 1948. Paris: Hermann et Cie. p. 241-394.

Balachowsky A. S. Les cochenilles de France, d’Europe, du Nord de l’Afrique et du bassin méditerranéen. V, Monographie des Coccoïdea. Diaspidinae (2^e partie) 1950. pp.395-558. Hermann et Cie., Paris. Aspidiotini. Act. Sci. et Ind., No. 1087

Balachowsky A. S. Les cochenilles de France, d’Europe, du Nord de l’Afrique et du bassin méditerranéen. VI, Monographie des Coccoïdea. Diaspidinae (3^e partie). 1951. Paris: Hermann et Cie. p. 559-722. Aspidiotini (fin). Act. Sci. et Ind., No. 1127

Balachowsky A. S. Les cochenilles de France, d’Europe, du Nord de l’Afrique et du bassin méditerranéen. VII, Monographie des Coccoïdea. Diaspidinae (4^e partie). Odonaspidini; Parlatorini. 1953a. Paris: Hermann et Cie. p. 723-930. Act. Sci. et Ind. No. 1202

Balachowsky A. S. Sur un Hemiberlesia Ckll. nouveau des montagnes du Caméroun. Beiträge zur Entomologie. 1953b. 3:111-15.

Balachowsky A. S. Les cochenilles paléartiques de la tribu des Diaspidini 1954. p.450. Mem. Sci. Inst. Pasteur. Paris.

Balachowsky A. S. Les cochenilles du continent africain noir. Vol. II. Aspidiotini (2^e partie), Odonaspidini et Parlatorini. Ann. Mus. R. Congo belge, Tervuren (N. S., in-4°) Sci. Zool. 1958. 4:149-356.

Beardsley J. W. Notes on Hawaiian Phoenicococcinae, with description of a new species (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Pacific Insects. 1963. 5:59-64.

Bennett F. D., Brown S. W. Life history and sex determination in the diaspine scale Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) (Coccoidea). Canad. Ent. 1958. 90:317-25. DOI: 10.4039/Ent90317-6 [CrossRef]

Brain Charles K. The Coccidae of South Africa-II. Bul. Ent. Res. 1918. 9:107-39. DOI: 10.1017/S000748530003786X [CrossRef]

Brain Charles K. The Coccidae of South Africa-III. Bul. Ent. Res. 1919. 9:197-240. DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300037950 [CrossRef]

Brown S. W. Chromosome behavior in Comstockiella sabalis (Comstk.) (Coccoïdea—Diaspididae). (Abstract.). Genetics. 1957. 42:362-63.

Brown S. W. Lecanoid chromosome behavior in three more families of the Coccoïdea (Homoptera). Chromosoma. 1959. 10:278-300. DOI: 10.1007/BF00396575 [CrossRef]

Brown S. W. Spontaneous chromosome fragmentation in the armored scale insects (Coccoïdea—Diaspididae). Jour. Morph. 1960a. 106:159-85. DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051060204 [CrossRef]

Brown S. W. Chromosome aberration in two aspidiotine species of the armored scale insects (Coccoïdea—Diaspididae). The Nucleus. 1960b. 3:135-60.

Brown S. W. Fracture and fusion of coccid chromosomes. Nature (Lond.). 1961. 191:1419-420. DOI: 10.1038/1911419a0 [CrossRef]

Brown S. W. The Comstockiella system of chromosome behavior in the armored scale insects (Coccoïdea: Diaspididae). Chromosoma (Berl.). 1963. 14:360-406. DOI: 10.1007/BF00326785 [CrossRef]

Brown S. W., Bennett F. D. On sex determination in the diaspine scale Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) (Coccoïdea). Genetics. 1957. 42:510-23.

Brown S. W., De Lotto G. Cytology and sex ratios of an African species of armored scale insect (Coccoïdea—Diaspididae). Amer. Nat. 1959. 93:369-79. DOI: 10.1086/282097 [CrossRef]

Brown S. W., McKenzie H. L. Evolutionary patterns in the armored scale insects and their allies (Homoptera: Coccoïdea: Diaspididae, Phoenicococcidae, and Asterolecaniidae). Hilgardia. 1962. 33:141-70A. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v33n04p141 [CrossRef]

Brown S. W., Nelson-Rees W. A. Radiation analysis of a lecanoid genetic system. Genetics. 1961. 46:983-1007.

De Lotto G. New Diaspidini (Homoptera: Coccoïdea: Diaspididae) from Kenya. Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. (London). Series B. 1956. 25:17-25.

De Lotto G. New Aspidiotini (Homoptera: Coccoïdea: Diaspididae) from Kenya. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. Series 12. 1957. 10:225-31.

Dickson R. C. Inheritance of resistance to hydrocyanic acid fumigation in the California red scale. Hilgardia. 1941. 13:515-22. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n09p513 [CrossRef]

Ferris G. F. Atlas of the scale insects of North America (Series I). The Diaspididae (Part I). 1937. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 275p.

Ferris G. F. Atlas of the scale insects of North America (Series II). The Diaspididae (Part II). 1938. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 278p.

Ferris G. F. Atlas of the scale insects of North America (Series III). The Diaspididae (Part III). 1941. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 279-517.

Ferris G. F. Atlas of the scale insects of North America (Series IV). The Diaspididae (Part IV). 1942. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 246p.

Ferris G. F. Some miscellaneous Coccoïdea (Insecta: Homoptera). Microentomology. 1952. 17:2-16.

Green E. E. Observations on the Coccidae of the Madeira Islands. Bul. Ent. Res. 1923. 14:87-97. DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300028224 [CrossRef]

Hall W. J. On the Ethiopian Diaspidini (Coccoïdea). Transactions, Roy. Ent. Soc. 1946. 97:497-583. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1946.tb00275.x [CrossRef]

Hempel Adolph. As Coccidas Brazileiras. Revista do Museu Paulista. 1900. 4:365-537.

Hughes-Schrader Sally. Cytology of the coccids (Coccoïdea: Homoptera). Advances in Genetics. 1948. 2:127-203. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2660(08)60468-X [CrossRef]

Hughes-Schrader Sally. Differential polyteny and polyploidy in diaspine coccids (Homoptera: Coccoïdea). Chromosoma. 1957. 8:709-18. DOI: 10.1007/BF01259529 [CrossRef]

Hughes-Schrader Sally, Ris H. The diffuse spindle attachment of coccids, verified by the mitotic behavior of induced chromosome fragments. Jour. Expt. Zool. 1941. 87:429-56. DOI: 10.1002/jez.1400870306 [CrossRef]

Lepage H. S. O novo genero diaspineo “Costalimaspis” com tres espécies novas (Homoptera: Coccoïdea). Arq. Inst. Biol. (São Paulo). 1937. 8:239-48.

Lepage H. S., Giannotti O. Algumas espécies novas de coccídeos do Brasil (Homoptera: Coccoïdea). Arq. Inst. Biol. (São Paulo). 1944. 15:299-305.

Lindinger L. Afrikanische Schildläuse. I. (Diaspinen aus Kamerun.) und II. (Eine der San-Jose Schildlaus ähnliche südafrikanische Diaspine.). Jahrb. der Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 1909. 26(1908):13-46. Beih. 3

Lindner G. Zur Zytologie von Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. (Homoptera: Coccidae). Biol. Zentr. 1954. 73:456-58.

MacGillivray A. D. The Coccidae. 1921. Urbana, Illinois: Scarab Co. 502p.

McKenzie Howard L. The genus Aonidiella (Homoptera: Coccoïdea: Diaspididae). Microentomology. 1938. 3:1-36.

McKenzie Howard L. A revision of the genus Chrysomphalus and supplementary notes on the genus Aonidiella (Homoptera: Coccoïdea: Diaspididae). Microentomology. 1939. 4:51-77.

McKenzie Howard L. A revision of Parlatoria and closely allied genera (Homoptera: Coccoïdea: Diaspididae). Microentomology. 1945. 10:47-121.

McKenzie Howard L. The genera Lindingaspis MacGillivray and Marginaspis Hall (Homoptera: Coccoïdea: Diaspididae). Microentomology. 1950. 15:98-124.

McKenzie Howard L. The armored scale insects of California. Bul. Calif. Insect Survey. 1956. 5: Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 209p.

McKenzie Howard L. Miscellaneous diaspidid scale studies, including a new Asterolecaniid from Florida. Scale studies—Part XV. Calif. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1963. 52:29-39.

McKenzie H. L., Nelson-Rees W. A. Two new species and additional collection records for the genus Protodiaspis (Homoptera: Coccoïdea: Diaspididae). Hilgardia. 1962. 33:133-39. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v33n04p133 [CrossRef]

Mamet R. On some species of Coccoïdea recorded by de Charmoy from Mauritius. Mauritius Inst. Bul. 1946. 2:241-46.

Mamet R. The Selenaspidus complex (Homoptera: Coccoïdea). Ann. Mus. R. Congo belge, Tervuren (N. S. in-4°) Sci. Zool. 1958. 4:359-429.

Nelson-Rees W. A. The effects of radiation-damaged heterochromatic chromosomes on male fertility in the mealy bug, Planococcus citri (Risso). Genetics. 1962. 47:661-83.

Newstead R. Notes on scale insects (Coccidae—Part II). Bul. Ent. Res. 1914. 4:307-308. DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300043236 [CrossRef]

Nur Uzi. Meiotic parthenogenesis and heterochromatization in a soft scale, Pulvinaria hydrangeae (Coccoïdea: Homoptera). Chromosoma (Berl.). 1963. 14:123-39. DOI: 10.1007/BF00336754 [CrossRef]

Nur Uzi, Chandra H. S. Interspecific hybridization and gynogenesis in mealy bugs. American Nat. 1963. 97:197-202. DOI: 10.1086/282270 [CrossRef]

Schrader F. The chromosomes of Pseudococcus nipae. Biol. Bul. 1921. 40:259-70. DOI: 10.2307/1536736 [CrossRef]

Schrader F. A study of the chromosomes in three species of Pseudococcus. Arch. f. Zellforsch. 1923a. 17:45-62.

Schrader F. The origin of mycetocytes in Pseudococcus. Biol. Bul. 1923b. 45:279-302. DOI: 10.2307/1536727 [CrossRef]

Schrader F. Notes on the reproduction of Aspidiotus hederae (Coccidae). Psyche. 1929. 36:232-36. DOI: 10.1155/1929/70418 [CrossRef]

Schrader F. Notes on the mitotic behavior of long chromosomes. Cytologia. 1935. 6:422-31. DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.6.422 [CrossRef]

Stickney F. S. The external anatomy of the red date scale Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell, and its allies. U. S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bul. No. 404 1934. p.162. Washington, D.C.

Takagi S. A revision of the Japanese species of the genus Aspidiotus, with descriptions of a new genus and a new species (Homoptera: Coccoïdea). Insecta Matsumurana. 1957. 21:31-40.

Takagi S. A contribution to the knowledge of the Diaspidini of Japan (Homoptera: Coccoïdea). Part I. Insecta Matsumurana. 1960. 23:67-100.

Takagi S. A contribution to the knowledge of the Diaspidini of Japan (Homoptera: Coccoïdea). Part II. Insecta Matsumurana. 1961a. 24:4-42.

Takagi S. A contribution to the knowledge of the Diaspidini of Japan (Homoptera: Coccoïdea). Part III. Insecta Matsumurana. 1961b. 24:69-103.

Takahashi R. Observations on the Coccidae of Formosa (Part 2). Formosa Govt. Res. Inst., Dept. Agric. Rpt. 1930. 48:44

Takahashi R., Takagi S. A new genus of Diaspididae from Japan (Coccoïdea: Homoptera). Kontyu. 1957. 25:102-105.

Tremblay E. Ovoviviparità, comportamento delle femmine vergini, sesso delle larve e ghiandale cefaliche larvali della Diaspis pentagona. Bol. Lab. Ent. Agr. “Filippo Silvestri” Portici. 1958. 16:215-46.

Tremblay E. Osservazioni sui due tipi di uova e sulla origine dei micetociti nella Diaspis (= Pseudaulacaspis) pentagona Targ. Bol. Lab. Ent. Agr. “Filippo Silvestri” Portici. 1959. 17:51-88.

Tremblay E. Ciclo cromosomico et simbiosi endocellulare nella Diaspis (= Pseudaulacaspis) pentagona Targ. Bol. Lab. Ent. Agr. “Filippo Silvestri” Portici. 1960. 19:149-227.

Tremblay E. Ulteriori considerazioni sui due tipi di ovarioli della Diaspis (= Pseudaulacaspis) pentagona Targ. Bol. Lab. Ent. Agr. “Filippo Silvestri” Portici. 1961. 19:291-99.