Hilgardia
Hilgardia
Hilgardia
University of California
Hilgardia

Influences of forests on snow in the ponderosa-sugar pine-fir zone of the central Sierra Nevada

Author

Joseph Kittredge

Author Affiliations

Joseph Kittredge was Professor of Forestry and Forest Ecologist in the Experiment Station, Berkeley.

Publication Information

Hilgardia 22(1):1-96. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v22n01p001. March 1953.

PDF of full article, Cite this article

Abstract

The critical importance of water supply problems in the San Joaquin Valley indicates a need for reliable information on the possible effects of forests on accumulation, losses, and melting of snow on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada.

The present study was made in part of the Stanislaus National Forest, and covered the seven years, 1934-38 and 1940-41. The aim was to find what kinds, sizes, and densities of forests are most effective in promoting accumulation of snow, in minimizing losses by evaporation, and in retarding and prolonging the period of melting.

Recommendations for improved forest management in relation to water supply are made in the light of the findings for the seven seasons under study.

Literature Cited

[1] Anonymous. L’étude scientifique de la neige en Suisse. Ann. de l’Ecole Nationale des Eaux et For?ts. 1950. 12:247-67.

[2] Burger H. Einfluss des Waldes auf die Höhe der Schneedecke. Jour. Forestier Suisse. 1948. 99:225-31.

[3] California Division of Engineering &; Irrigation. Flow in California streams. Bul. 1923. 5:1-557.

[4] California Division of Water Resources. California coöperative snow surveys. Snow survey bulletins 1931-1951. (Mimeo.)

[5] Church J. E. The conservation of snow: its dependence on forests and mountains. Sci. Amer. Sup. 1912. 74:145 152-55

[6] Church J. E. Evaporation at high altitudes and latitudes. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union. 1934. II:326-43. DOI: 10.1029/TR015i002p00326 [CrossRef]

[7] Church J. E. Studies on snow melt. Yrbk. Amer. Philosoph. Soc. 1949. pp.139-40.

[8] Clyde G. D. Snow-melting characteristics. Utah Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 1931. 231:1-47.

[9] Connaughton C. A. The accumulation and rate of melting of snow as influenced by vegetation. Jour. Forestry. 1935. 33:564-69.

[10] Croft A. R. Evaporation from snow. Bul. Amer. Met. Soc. 1944. 25:334-37. DOI: 10.1126/science.100.2591.169-a [CrossRef]

[11] Croft A. R. Some factors that influence the accuracy of water-supply forecasting in the Intermountain region. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union. 1946. 27:375-88. DOI: 10.1029/TR027i003p00375 [CrossRef]

[12] Dunford E. G., Niederhof C. H. Influence of aspen, young lodgepole pine, and open grassland types upon factors affecting water yield. Jour. Forestry. 1944. 42:673-77.

[12a] Ehlers J. H. The temperature of leaves of Pinus in winter. Am. Jour. Bot. 1915. 2:32-70.

[13] Fowells H. A., Schubert G. H. Natural reproduction in certain cutover pine-fir stands of California. Jour. Forestry. 1951. 49:192-96.

[14] Gerdel R.W. Penetration of radiation into the snow pack. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union. 1948. 29:366-74. DOI: 10.1029/TR029i003p00366 [CrossRef]

[15] Hale C. E. Some observations on soil freezing in forest and range lands of the Pacific Northwest. Pac. Northwest For. and Range Exp. Sta., Res. Notes No. 1950. 66:1-17.

[16] Hallin W. E. Unit area control in California forests. Calif. For. and Range Exp. Sta., Res. Notes No. 1951. 77:1-6.

[17] Hayes G. L., Kittredge J. Comparative rain measurements and rain gage performances on a steep slope adjacent to a pine stand. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union. 1949. 30:295-301. DOI: 10.1029/TR030i002p00295 [CrossRef]

[18] Horton R. E. Water-losses in high latitudes and at high elevations. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union. 1934. 11:351-80. DOI: 10.1029/TR015i002p00351 [CrossRef]

[18] Horton R. E. Infiltration and runoff during the snow melting season with forest cover. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union. 1945. 26:59-68. DOI: 10.1029/TR026i001p00059 [CrossRef]

[20] Horton R. E., Leach H. R. Snow surface temperature. Mo. Wea. Rev. 1934. 62:128-30. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1934)62<128:STreplacecodegt2.0.CO;2 [CrossRef]

[21] Kittredge J. Forest influences. 1948. N. Y.: McGraw-Hill Book Co. 394p.

[22] Kittredge J., Loughead H. J., Mazurak A. Interception and stemflow in a pine plantation. Jour. Forestry. 1941. 39:505-22.

[23] Lamb J. Jr., Andrews J. S., Gustafson A. F. Experiments in the control of soil erosion in southern New York. Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1944. 811:1-32.

[24] Miles S. R. Rapid and easy method of testing reliability of an average. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 1935. 27:21-31. DOI: 10.2134/agronj1935.00021962002700010003x [CrossRef]

[25] Niederhof C. H., Dunford E. G. The effects of openings in a young lodgepole pine forest on the storage and melting of snow. Jour. Forestry. 1942. 40:802-5.

[26] Peasley P., Garstka W. U., Goodell B. C. Progress in snow-melt investigations at Fraser Experimental Forest 1949. pp.1-65. Rept. No. 1, The 1948 season: (Mimeo.)

[27] Rowe P. B. Influence of woodland chaparral on water and soil in central California. Calif. For. and Range Exp. Sta. June. 1948. 1948:70

[28] Rowe P. B., Hendrix T. M. Interception of rain and snow by second-growth ponderosa pine. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union. 1951. 32:903-8. DOI: 10.1029/TR032i006p00903 [CrossRef]

[29] U. S. Forest Service. Watershed management. Ann. Rpt. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta. 1948. pp.22-29. (Mimeo.)

[30] U. S. Forest Service. Stream flow and water yield. Ann. Rpt. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta. 1950. pp.8-16. (Mimeo.)

[31] U. S. Geological Survey 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942. Surface water supply of the United States. Pacific slope basins in California Water-supply Papers 766, 791, 811, 831, 861, 901, 931

[32] U. S. Weather Bureau. Hydrometeorological log of the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory, 1945-1946. Coöperative Snow Investigations, Tech. Rpt. No. 1947. 5:1-62.

[33] U. S. Weather Bureau. Hydrometeorological log of the Upper Columbia Snow Laboratory, 1945-1946. Coöperative Snow Investigations, Tech. Rpt. No. 1948. 7:1-53.

[34] U. S. Weather Bureau. Hydrometeorological log of the Upper Columbia Snow Laboratory, 1947-1948 1949. pp.1-200. Coöperative Snow Investigations, Tech. Rpt. No. 20-1:

[35] U. S. Weather Bureau. Progress report, 1945-1950 1950. pp.1-20. Coöperative Snow Investigations, Tech. Rpt. No. 6-4:

[36] Wilm H. G. The influence of forest cover on snow melt. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union. 1948. 29:547-56. DOI: 10.1029/TR029i004p00547 [CrossRef]

[37] Wilm H. G., Collet M. H. The influence of a lodgepole pine forest on storage and melting of snow. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union. 1940. II:505-8. DOI: 10.1029/TR021i002p00505 [CrossRef]

[38] Wilm H. G., Dunford E. G. Effect of timber cutting on water available for stream flow from a lodgepole pine forest. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 1948. 968:1-43.

[39] Wilm H. G., Niederhof C. H. Interception of rainfall by mature lodgepole pine. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union. 1941. III:660-66. DOI: 10.1029/TR022i003p00660 [CrossRef]

[40] Wilson W. T. An outline of the thermodynamics of snow-melt. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union. 1941. I:182-95. DOI: 10.1029/TR022i001p00182 [CrossRef]

[41] Wisler C. O., Brater E. F. Hydrology. 1949. N. Y.: John Wiley &; Sons. 419p. DOI: 10.1097/00010694-196006000-00012 [CrossRef]

[42] Work R. A. Snow layer density changes. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union. 1948. 29:525-45. Part I: DOI: 10.1029/TR029i004p00525 [CrossRef]

[43] Young A. A. Evaporation from water surfaces in California. Basic data. Calif. Div. Water Resources, Bul. 1948. 54-A:1-205.

Kittredge J. 1953. Influences of forests on snow in the ponderosa-sugar pine-fir zone of the central Sierra Nevada. Hilgardia 22(1):1-96. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v22n01p001
Webmaster Email: sjosterman@ucanr.edu