Effect of 2,4-D upon the development of the cotton leaf

Gifford, E

Effect of 2,4-D upon the development of the cotton leaf

Author

Ernest M. Gifford

Author Affiliations

Ernest M. Gifford, Jr. was Assistant Professor of Botany and Assistant Botanist in the Experiment Station, Davis, California.

Publication Information

Hilgardia 21(18):605-644. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v21n18p605. February 1953.

PDF of full article, Cite this article

Abstract

Cytohistological studies indicate that in the terminal bud of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. var. Acala), 2,4-D applied in sublethal dosage to the cotyledons affects the structure and morphology, not of the apical meristem itself, but of the organs and tissues derived from it. 2,4-D affects not only foliage-leaf primordio present at the time of application but also some that develop thereafter.

Treated plants resemble untreated in the structure of the shoot apical meristem (though the dimensions differ) and in the initiation of new foliage leaves. The earliest divisions in the development of the leaf blade appear normal in treated plants. Subsequent ones, however, are precociously and predominantly periclinal, which results in the formation of a thick lamina. In addition to laterally contiguous bundles formed in a manner similar to that in untreated plants, accessory vascular bundles are present in the lamina which develop from derivatives of an extensive adaxial meristem.

A mature leaf contains a large amount of vascular tissue surrounded in general by unspecialized parenchyma. In the shoot, xylem and sievetube elements differentiate in normal directions, but the former are retarded in development and the latter accelerated as compared with those in untreated plants.

In the shoots of untreated plants, the development of the procambium is continuous and acropetal.

The anatomical responses induced by 2,4-D and those caused by other growth-regulating substances are briefly compared.

Literature Cited

Ball E. The shoot apex and normal plant of Lupinus albus L., bases for experimental morphology. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1949. 36:440-54.

Beal J. M. Histological reactions of bean plants to certain of the substituted phenoxy compounds. Bot. Gaz. 1945. 107:200-17. DOI: 10.1086/335341 [CrossRef]

Beal J. M. Reactions of decapitated bean plants to certain of the substituted phenoxy compounds. Bot. Gaz. 1946. 108:166-86. DOI: 10.1086/335405 [CrossRef]

Burton D. F. Formative effects of certain substituted chlorophenoxy compounds on bean leaves. Bot. Gaz. 1947. 109:183-94. DOI: 10.1086/335467 [CrossRef]

Burton D. F. Anatomy of the cotton leaf and effects induced by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Bot. Gaz. 1950. 111:325-31. DOI: 10.1086/335601 [CrossRef]

Crafts A. S. Movement of assimilates, viruses, growth regulators, and chemical indicators in plants. Bot. Rev. 1951. 17:203-84. DOI: 10.1007/BF02861790 [CrossRef]

Cross G. L. The morphology of the bud and the development of the leaves of Viburnum rufidulum. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1937. 24:266-76.

Day B. E. The absorption and translocation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by bean plants. Plant Physiol. 1950. 27:143-52. DOI: 10.1104/pp.27.1.143 [CrossRef]

Diettert R. A. The morphology of Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Lloydia. 1938. 1:3-74.

Dunlap A. A. 2,4-D injury to cotton from airplane dusting of rice. Phytopathology. 1948. 38:638-44.

Eames A. J. Comparative effects of spray treatments with growth-regulating substances on the nut grass, Cyperus rotundus L., and anatomical modifications following treatment with butyl 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1949a. 36:571-84.

Eames A. J. Histological effects of treatments with growth-regulating substances of the 2,4-D group. Science. 1949b. 110:235-36. DOI: 10.1126/science.110.2853.235 [CrossRef]

Eames A. J. Destruction of phloem in young bean plants after treatment with 2,4-D. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1950. 37:840-47. DOI: 10.2307/2437763 [CrossRef]

Eames A. J. Leaf ontogeny and treatments with 2,4-D. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1951. 38:777-80. DOI: 10.2307/2438201 [CrossRef]

Esau Katherine. Vascular differentiation in the vegetative shoot of Linum. I. The procambium. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1942. 29:738-47.

Esau Katherine. Origin and development of primary vascular tissues in seed plants. Bot. Rev. 1943. 9:125-206. DOI: 10.1007/BF02872466 [CrossRef]

Felber Irma M. The formation of protuberances on bean leaves in response to 2,4-D treatments. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1948. 35:555-58. DOI: 10.2307/2438050 [CrossRef]

Foster A. S. The use of tannic acid and iron chloride for staining cell walls in meristematic tissue. Stain Technol. 1934. 9:91-92. DOI: 10.3109/10520293409116142 [CrossRef]

Foster A. S. Leaf differentiation in angiosperms. Bot. Rev. 1936. 2:349-72. DOI: 10.1007/BF02870152 [CrossRef]

Gifford E. M. Jr. Structure and growth of the shoot apex in certain woody Ranales. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1950. 37:595-611.

Gifford E. M. Jr. Early ontogeny of the foliage leaf in Drimys Winteri var. chilensis. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1951. 38:93-105.

Gore U. R. Morphogenetic studies on the inflorescence of cotton. Bot. Gaz. 1935. 97:118-38. DOI: 10.1086/334540 [CrossRef]

Lawalrée A. Histogénèse florale et végétative chez quelques composées. Cellule. 1948. 52:215-94.

McIlrath W. J., Ergle D. R., Dunlap A. A. Persistence of 2,4-D stimulus in cotton plants with reference to its transmission to the seed. Bot. Gaz. 1951. 112:511-18. DOI: 10.1086/335683 [CrossRef]

Murray Mary Aileen, Geraldine Whiting A. A comparison of histological responses of bean plants to tryptophane and to low concentrations of indoleacetic acid. Bot. Gaz. 1946. 108:74-100. DOI: 10.1086/335397 [CrossRef]

Murray Mary Aileen, Geraldine Whiting A. A comparison of the effectiveness of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and four of its salts in inducing histological responses in bean plants. Bot. Gaz. 1947. 109:13-39. DOI: 10.1086/335453 [CrossRef]

Philipson W. R. The ontogeny of the shoot apex in dicotyledons. Biol. Rev. 1949. 24:21-50. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1949.tb00569.x [CrossRef]

Popham R. A. Principal types of vegetative shoot apex organization in vascular plants. Ohio Jour. Sci. 1951. 51:249-70.

Schüepp O. Meristeme. Linsbauer’s Handb. Pflanzenanatomie. 1926. IV(2):1-114.

Swanson C. Histological responses of the kidney bean to aqueous sprays of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Bot. Gaz. 1946. 107:522-31. DOI: 10.1086/335377 [CrossRef]

Thomson Betty F. Tissue responses to physiologically active substances. Bot. Rev. 1945. 11:593-610. DOI: 10.1007/BF02861185 [CrossRef]

Tukey H. B. On the persistence of 2,4-D in plant tissue. Science. 1950. 112:282-83. DOI: 10.1126/science.112.2906.282 [CrossRef]

Tukey H. B., Hamner C. L., Imhofe Barbara. Histological changes in bindweed and sow thistle following applications of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in herbicidal concentrations. Bot. Gaz. 1945. 107:62-73. DOI: 10.1086/335328 [CrossRef]

Tullis E. C., Davis W. C. Persistence of 2,4-D in plant tissues. Science. 1950. 111:90 DOI: 10.1126/science.111.2874.90 [CrossRef]

Watson D. P. An anatomical study of the modification of bean leaves as a result of treatment with 2,4-D. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1948. 35:543-55. DOI: 10.2307/2438049 [CrossRef]

Went F. W. The development of stems and leaves 1951. pp.287-98. Plant growth substances, edited by Folke Skoog. 476 p. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisc

Whiting A. Geraldine, Aileen Murray Mary. Histological responses of bean plants to nicotine and to wounding. Bot. Gaz. 1946. 108:192-219. DOI: 10.1086/335407 [CrossRef]

Whiting A. Geraldine, Aileen Murray Mary. Abscission and other responses induced by 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid in bean plants. Bot. Gaz. 1948. 109:447-73. DOI: 10.1086/335496 [CrossRef]

Zimmerman P. W., Hitchcock A. E. Formative effects induced with ß-naphthoxyacetic acid. Boyce Thompson Inst. Contrib. 1941. 12:1-14.

Also in this issue:

Soil fumigation with chlorobromopropene for the control of nutgrass