Hilgardia
Hilgardia
Hilgardia
University of California
Hilgardia

Recent contributions of insect physiology to insect toxicology and control

Author

W. M. Hoskins

Author Affiliations

W. M. Hoskins was Associate Professor of Entomology and Associate Entomologist in the Experiment Station.

Publication Information

Hilgardia 13(6):307-386. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307. August 1940.

PDF of full article, Cite this article

Abstract

Abstract does not appear. First page follows.

Introduction

The increasing difficulty encountered in recent years in controlling insect pests has led to a searching inquiry into the conditions under which insecticides act, and the chemical, physical, and biological factors which govern their effects. Among these factors none are more important than the physiological processes which occur in the species whose control is desired. Thus insect physiology has an economic importance which makes its active development much more imperative than if it were of purely scientific interest alone. Nevertheless, few attempts have been made to apply the increasing knowledge of physiology to the problems of insect-pest control, and the accounts of such work are widely scattered in the biological literature. These conditions have made it seem worth while to attempt to interpret certain advances in this field in terms of their relations to insect toxicology and control.

Literature Cited

Adrian E. D. Potential changes in the isolated nervous system of Dytiscus marginalis. Jour. Physiol. 1931. 72:132-51.

Alexandrov V. J. Permeability of the chitin of some dipterous larvae and methods for its investigation. [In Russian.] Biologicheskii Zhurnal. 1934. 3:490-507.

Alexandrov V. J. Permeability of chitin in some dipterous larvae and the method of study. Acta Zoologica. 1935. 17:1-19. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1935.tb00662.x [CrossRef]

Babers F. H. An analysis of the blood of the sixth-instar southern armyworm (Prodenia eridania). Jour. Agr. Res. 1938. 57:697-706.

Bacq Z. M. La transmission chimique des influx dans le système verveux autonome. Ergeb. d. Physiol. 1935. 37:82-185. DOI: 10.1007/BF02320715 [CrossRef]

Baldwin E. An introduction to comparative biochemistry. 1937. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 112p. DOI: 10.1097/00000441-193707000-00018 [CrossRef]

Barnes T. C. Textbook of general physiology. 1937. Philadelphia, Pa: P. Blakiston’s Son &; Co., Inc. 554p.

Belleuvre G. Action physiologique des pyrethrins sur les invertebrates. Anns. de Physiol. et Physicochim. Biol. 1938. 14:717-33.

Beran F. Die Wirkungsweise von Obstbaumkarbolineumemulsionen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Anwendungstemperatur. Nachrichtenbl. f. den Deut. Pflanzenschutzdienst. 1939. 4:1-4.

Bergmann W. The composition of ether extractives from exuviae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Ent. Soc. Amer. Ann. 1938. 31:315-21.

Bodine J. H. The effect of cyanide on the oxygen consumption of normal and blocked embryonic cells (Orthoptera). Jour. Cell. and Compar. Physiol. 1934. 4:397-404. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030040310 [CrossRef]

Bodine J. H., Boell E. J. Respiratory mechanisms of normally developing and blocked embryonic cells (Orthoptera). Jour. Cell. and Compar. Physiol. 1934. 5:97-113. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030050108 [CrossRef]

Brown A. W. A. Studies on the excreta of a grasshopper (Melanoplus bivittatus Say). Jour. Exp. Biol. 1937. 14:87-94.

Buchmann W. Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung der Wasserstoffionkonzentration für die Entwicklung der Mückenlarven. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 1931. 18:404-17. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1931.tb00215.x [CrossRef]

Buchmann W. Untersuchungen über die Teilchengrösse der wirksamen Substanz von wässrigen Pyrethrum Insektenpulver Suspensionen. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 1933. 20:136-49. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1934.tb00357.x [CrossRef]

Buxton P. A. The relation of adult Rhodnius prolixus (Reuviidae, Rhynchota) to atmospheric humidity. Parasitology. 1932. 24:429-39. DOI: 10.1017/S0031182000020825 [CrossRef]

Campbell F. L. Effects of trivalent and pentavalent arsenic on heart pulsations of the silkworm. Jour. Pharmacol. and Exp. Ther. 1926. 26:277-85.

Campbell F. L. The detection and estimation of insect chitin; and the irrelation of “chitinization” to hardness and pigmentation of the cuticula of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. Ent. Soc. Amer. Ann. 1929. 22:401-26.

Campbell F. L., Lukens C. A radioactive indicator method for estimating the solubility of acid lead arsenate within the alimentary tract of the silkworm. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1931. 24:88-94.

Carpenter E. L., Moore W. Sorption of hydrocyanic acid by different species of insects. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1938. 31:270-75.

Carter R. H. The incompatibility of lime with fiuosilicates. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1931. 24:263-68.

Chibnall A. C., Piper S. H., Pollard A., Williams E. F., Sahai P. N. The constitution of the primary alcohols, fatty acids and paraffins present in plant and insect waxes. Biochem. Jour. 1934. 28:2187-2208.

Cook F. C., McIndoo N. E. Chemical, physical and insecticidal properties of arsenicals. U. S. Dept. Agr. Dept. Bul. 1924. 1147:1-57. DOI: 10.1016/S0016-0032(23)90415-1 [CrossRef]

Cook S. F. The respiratory gas exchange in Termopsis nevadensis. Biol. Bul. 1932. 53:246-57. DOI: 10.2307/1537242 [CrossRef]

Corbett G. H., Hodgkin E. P. Laboratory experiments on the larvicidal properties of mineral oils. Bul. Inst. Med. Res., Fed. Malay States. 1931. 5:1-20.

Cotton R. T. The relation of respiratory metabolism of insects to their susceptibility to fumigants. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1932. 25:1088-1103.

Cotton R. T., Wagner G. B., Young H. D. Oxygen as a factor in vacuum fumigation. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1937. 30:560

Cotton R. T., Young H. D. The use of carbon dioxide to increase the insecticidal efficacy of fumigants. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 1929. 31:97-102.

Craig R., Wilson C. The use of buffered solutions in staining: theory and practice. Stain Technol. 1937. 12:99-109. DOI: 10.3109/10520293709111342 [CrossRef]

Cupples H. L., Yust H. R., Hiley J. Tests of possible substitutes for hydrocyanic acid in fumigation of California red scale. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1936. 29:611-18.

deBuck A. Some observations on the salivary and stomach secretions of Anopheles and other mosquitoes. K. Akad. van Wetensch. te Amsterdam, Afd. Natuurk., Proc., Sect. Sci. 1937. 40:217-23.

von Dehn Madeline. Untersuchungen über die Bildung der peritrophischen Membran bei den Insekten. Ztschr. f. Zellforsch. u. Mikros. Anat. 1933. 19:79-105. DOI: 10.1007/BF00587550 [CrossRef]

Demjanowski S., Galzowa R., Roshdestwenska W. Wahre Azidität der Hämolymph von Bombyx mori L. 1. Mitteilung: Zur Kenntnis des Stoffwechsels der Seidenraupen. Biochem. Ztschr. 1932. 247:386-485.

deOng E. R., Knight H., Chamberlin J. C. A preliminary study of petroleum oil as an insecticide for citrus trees. Hilgardia. 1927. 2(9):351-84. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307 [CrossRef] DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307 [CrossRef]

Dodonov V. On the comparative resistance of some species of insects to the arsenic and fluorine insecticides. [In Russian.] Zashch. Rast. ot Ured. (Plant Protect.) Ser. III. 1936. 7:55-74.

Duspiva F. Beiträge zur enzymatischem Histochemie. XXI. Die proteolytischen Enzyme der Kleider- und Wachsmottenraupen. Ztschr. f. Physiol. Chem. 1936. 241:177-200. DOI: 10.1515/bchm2.1936.241.4-5.177 [CrossRef]

Ebeling W. Effect of oil spray on California red scale at various stages of development. Hilgardia. 1936. 10(4):95-125. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307 [CrossRef] DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307 [CrossRef]

Ellisor L. O., Richardson C. H. Penetration of nicotine into the goldfish from solutions of various hydrogen ion concentrations. Jour. Cell. and Compar. Physiol. 1938. 11:377-87. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030110305 [CrossRef]

Evans A. C., Martin H. The incorporation of direct with protective insecticides and fungicides. 1. The laboratory evaluation of water-soluble wetting agents as constituents of combined washes. Jour. Pomol. and Hort. Sci. 1935. 13:261-92.

Fife J. M. A method of artificially feeding the sugar-beet leafhopper. Science. 1932. 75:465-66. DOI: 10.1126/science.75.1948.465 [CrossRef]

Fife J. M., Frampton V. L. The pH gradient extending from the phloem into the parenchyma of the sugar beet and its relation to the feeding behavior of Eutettix tenellus. Jour. Agr. Res. 1936. 53:581-93.

Fink D. E. Physiological studies of effect of arsenicals on the respiratory metabolism of insects. Jour. Agr. Res. 1926. 33:993-1007.

Fink D. E. Is glutathione the arsenic receptor in insects?. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1927. 20:794-801.

Fink D. E. The digestive enzymes of the Colorado potato beetle and the influence of arsenicals on their activity. Jour. Agr. Res. 1932. 45:471-82.

Fisher R. A. The effect of acetic acid vapor treatment on blood cell counts in the cockroach, Blatta orientalis L. Ent. Soc. Amer. Ann. 1935. 28:146-53.

Fisher R. A. The effect of a few toxic substances upon the total blood cell count in the cockroach, Blatta orientalis L. Ent. Soc. Amer. Ann. 1936. 29:335-40.

Friedericks K., Steiner P. Über Nachwirkungen der Begiftung des Kiefernspanners. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 1930. 16:189-96. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1930.tb00134.x [CrossRef]

Fulmek L. Giftigkeitsunterschiede gebraüchlicher Arsenmittel. Fortschr. der Landw. 1929. 4:209-12.

Gäbler H. Das Eindringvermögen verschiedener Flüssigkeiten in die Tracheen und seine Folgen. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 1939. 26:1-62.

Gause G. F., Smaragdova N. P. On the killing action of optically isomeric nicotines in relation to problems of evolution of the nervous system in animals. Physiol. Zool. 1939. 12:238-55.

Gerould J. H. Orders of insects with heart-beat reversal. Biol. Bul. 1933. 64:424-31. DOI: 10.2307/1537208 [CrossRef]

Görnitz K. Pathologische Veränderungen bei Vanessa io nach Aufnahme von Arsenverbindungen. Anz. f. Schädlingsk. 1933a. 9:40-41. DOI: 10.1007/BF02343867 [CrossRef]

Görnitz K. Methoden zur Prüfung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln. IV. Neue Apparate und Methoden. Mitt. aus der Biol. Reichsanst. f. Land- u. Forstw. 1933b. 46:1-59.

Gösswald K. Die Wirkung des Kontaktgiftes Pyrethrum auf Forstschädlinge unter dem Einfluss der physiologischen Disposition der Schädlinge und der Einwirkung von ökologischen Aussenfaktoren. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 1934. 20:489-530.

Granovsky A. A. The control of grasshoppers by airplane dusting. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1926. 19:791-95.

Gray G. P., Kirkpatrick A. F. The protective stupefaction of certain scale insects by hydrocyanic acid vapor. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1929. 22:878-92.

Guignon G. Étude de la circulation sanguine des ailes chez les Coleoptéres et les Orthoptéres au moyen de la nicotine. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris]. 1936. 202:2105-6.

Haag H. B. Toxicological studies of Derris elliptica and its constituents. 1. Rotenone. Jour. Pharmacol. and Exp. Ther. 1931. 43:193-208.

Haas A. R. C. Relation between the chemical composition of citrus scale insects and their resistance to hydrocyanic acid fumigation. Jour. Agr. Res. 1934. 49:477-92.

Hacker H. P. How oil kills anopheline larvae. Fed. Malay States Malaria Bur. Repts. 1925. 111:1-62.

Haldane J. B. S. Enzymes. 1930. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 235p.

Hamilton A. G. The mechanism of respiration of locusts and its bearing on the problem of inhalation of poison dusts. Bul. Ent. Res. 1937. 28:53-68. DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300038293 [CrossRef]

Hamilton H. L. Action of acetylcholine, atropine and nicotine on the heart of the grasshopper (Melanoplus differentialis). Jour. Cell. Compar. Physiol. 1939. 13:91-103. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030130110 [CrossRef]

Hansberry T. R., Richardson C. H., Hamilton H. L. Toxicity of certain stomach poisons to several common lepidopterous larvae. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1936. 29:1160-66.

Hartzell A. Histopathology of insect nerve lesions caused by insecticides. Boyce Thompson Inst. Contrib. 1934. 6:211-23.

Hartzell A., Wilcoxon F. Some factors affecting the efficiency of contact insecticides. II. Chemical and toxicological studies of pyrethrum. Boyce Thompson Inst. Contrib. 1932. 4:107-17.

Hartzell A., Wilcoxon F. Organic thiocyanogen compounds as insecticides. Boyce Thompson Inst. Contrib. 1934. 6:269-77.

Hastings E. B., Pepper J. H. Studies on some of the factors involved in the use of sodium arsenite against the Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex Hald.). Montana Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1939. 370:1-26.

Hazelhoff E. H. Carbon dioxide a chemical accelerating the penetration of respiratory insecticides into the tracheal system by keeping the valves open. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1928. 21:790

Hiestand W. A. Progressive paralysis of the nervous system of houseflies by formaldehyde and anesthetics. Indiana Acad. Sci. Proc. 1932. 41:433-37.

Hobson R. P. Studies on the nutrition of blowfly larvae. 1. Structure and function of the alimentary tract. Jour. Exp. Biol. 1931. 8:109-23.

Hockenyos G. L. The mechanism of absorption of sodium fluoride by roaches. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1933. 26:1162-69.

Hockenyos G. L. Mechanism of absorption of pyrethrum powder by roaches. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1936. 29:433-37.

Hockenyos G. L. Factors influencing the absorption of sodium fluoride by the American cockroach. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1939. 32:843-8.

Hoskins W. M. Toxicity and permeability. I. The toxicity of acid and basic solutions of sodium arsenite to mosquito pupae. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1932. 25:1212-24.

Hoskins W. M. The penetration of insecticidal oils into porous solids. Hilgardia. 1933. 8(2):49-82. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307 [CrossRef] DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307 [CrossRef]

Hoskins W. M., Ben-Amotz Y. The deposit of aqueous solutions and of oil sprays. Hilgardia. 1938. 12:83-111. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307 [CrossRef] DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307 [CrossRef]

Hoskins W. M., Craig R. Recent progress in insect physiology. Physiol. Revs. 1935. 15:525-96.

Hoskins W. M., Harrison A. S. The buffering power of the contents of the ventriculus of the honeybee and its effect upon the toxicity of arsenic. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1934. 28:924-42.

Hough W. S. Colorado and Virginia strains of codling moth in relation to their ability to enter sprayed and unsprayed apples. Jour. Agr. Res. 1934. 48:533-53.

Ivanova P. G. The permeability of the integument of insects to anabasine. [In Russian.] Izv. Kurs. Prikl. Zool. 1936. 6(3):25-32.

Jahn T. L. The nature and permeability of the grasshopper egg membranes. I. The EMF across membranes during early diapause. Jour. Cell. and Compar. Physiol. 1935a. 7:23-46. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030070103 [CrossRef]

Jahn T. L. Nature and permeability of grasshopper egg membranes. II. Chemical composition of membranes. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med. Proc. 1935b. 33:159-63. DOI: 10.3181/00379727-33-8290C [CrossRef]

Janisch E. Das Exponentialgesetz als Grundlage einer vergleichenden Biologie. 1927. Berlin: Verlag Springer. 383p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-90709-8 [CrossRef]

Jones R. M. Toxicity of fumigant-CO2 mixtures to the red flour beetle. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1938. 31:298-309.

Kalandadze L. Die Wirkung von Arsenpreparaten auf die wichtigsten Forstschädlinge. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 1928. 13:1-96. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1928.tb00029.x [CrossRef]

Keilin D. Cytochrome and respiratory enzymes. Roy. Soc. London, Proc., Ser. B. 1929. 104:206-52. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1929.0009 [CrossRef]

King H. H. The destruction of locusts in flight by means of a poison dust (sodium arsenite) delivered from aircraft 1934. pp.97-110. 3d Internatl. Locust Conf. Proc.

King H. H., Rutledge W. The use of poison dusts against adult Locusta migratorioides Rch. and Frm. in the Sudan. Bul. Ent. Res. 1932. 23:65-68. DOI: 10.1017/S000748530000256X [CrossRef]

Kirschner R. Beurteilung der Giftwirkung gasformiger Insecticide auf Grund der Schlagfrequenz des Dorsalgefasses. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 1932. 19:544-56. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1932.tb00321.x [CrossRef]

Kitchel R. L., Hoskins W. M. Respiratory ventilation in the cockroach in air, in carbon dioxide and in nicotine atmospheres. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1935. 28:924-33.

Klinger H. Die Insektizidwirkung von Pyrethrum und Derrisgiften und ihre Abhängigkeit vom insekten Körper. Arb. über Physiol. u. Angew. Ent. 1936. 3:49-69. 115-51.

Knight H. Factors affecting efficiency in fumigation with hydrocyanic acid. Hilgardia. 1925. 1(3):35-56. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307 [CrossRef] DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307 [CrossRef]

Koch H. J. The absorption of chloride ions by the anal papillae of Diptera larvae. Jour. Exp. Biol. 1938. 15:152-60.

Kocian V., Spacek M. Die Bestimmung der Wasserstoffionkonzentration der Körperflussigkeiten der Coleopteren. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Allgem. Zool. u. Physiol. Tiere. 1934. 54:180-90.

Koidsumi K. Experimentelle Studien über die Transpiration und den Wärmehaushalt bei Insekten. VII.-XII. Taihoku Imp. Univ. Faculty Sci. and Agr., Mem. 1935. 12:281-380.

Kono M. Chemical studies on coccids of Japan. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan Jour. 1932-1933. 8:1150-60. 1409, 4312; 28: 2418. 9 458-66, 1276-83. [In Japanese.] Abstracted in: Chem. Abs. 27

Kono M., Maruyama R. Chemical studies on coccids of Japan. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan Jour. 1934-1938. 10:1228-35. 11: 647-58; 12: 523-30; 13: 177-84, 191-99, 579-85; 14: 318-28 [In Japanese.] Abstracted in: Chem. Abs. 29: 1168, 6958; 30: 7227; 31 5805, 8712; 32: 6253.

Kopec S. The influence of alcohol on development and reproduction in insects. [In Russian.] Trudy po Din. Razv. [Moskua] (Trans. Dyn. Devlpmt.). 1935. 10:403-11.

Kozhantchikov J. Sketches on the heart activity of insects. 1. The normal pulsation rate of the dorsal vessel of Blatta orientalis L. and the effects of certain factors upon it. [In Russian.]. Vred. Selsk. Lesnom. Khoz. Izv. (Leningrad Inst. Control. Farm and Forest Pests) Bul. 1932. 2:149-72.

Krogh A. Studien über Tracheenrespiration. II. Über Gasdiffusion in den Tracheen. Pflüger’s Arch. f. die Gesam. Physiol. 1920a. 179:95-112. DOI: 10.1007/BF01722125 [CrossRef]

Krogh A. Die Kombination von mechanischer Ventilation mit Gasdiffusion nach Versuchen an Dytiscuslarven. Pflüger’s Arch. f. die Gesam. Physiol. 1920b. 179:113-20. DOI: 10.1007/BF01722126 [CrossRef]

Krüger F. Untersuchungen über die Giftwirkung von dalmatischen Insektpulver auf die Larven von Corethra plumicornis. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 1931. 18:344-53.

Krüger P. Vergleichender Fermentstoffwechsel der niederen Tiere. Ergeb. der Physiol. 1933. 35:538-72. DOI: 10.1007/BF02331364 [CrossRef]

Kühnelt W. Ein Beitrag zur Histochemie des Insektenskelettes. Zool. Anz. 1928a. 75:111-13.

Kühnelt W. Über den Bau des Insektenskelettes. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Anat. u. Ontog. Tiere. 1928b. 50:219-78.

Lavrov I. N., Paramonova V. N. Solubility of some salts of stomach insecticides in solutions of different pH. [In Russian.] Zashch. Rast. ot Vred. (Plant Protect.) Ser. III,. 1936. 7:40-53.

Kühnelt W. L’action externe des arsenicaux sur le criquet pelerin (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.). Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de l’Afrique du Nord Bul. 1937a. 28:88-103.

Kühnelt W. De l’action externe des arsenicaux sur les insectes. [Paris] Acad, des Sci. Compt. Rend. 1937b. 204:717-19.

Lester H. M. O., Lloyd L. Notes on the process of digestion in tsetse flies. Bul. Ent. Res. 1928. 19:39-60. DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300028819 [CrossRef]

Linderstrøm-Lang K., Duspiva F. Studies on enzymatic histochemistry. XVI. The digestion of keratin by the larvae of the clothes moth. Carlsberg Lab. Compt. Rend. des Trav., Sér. Chim. 1936. 21:53-82.

Lindgren D. L. The respiration of insects in relation to the heating and the fumigation of grain. Minnesota Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 1935. 109:1-32.

Lindgren D. L. The stupefaction of red scale, Aonidiella aurantii, by hydrocyanic acid. Hilgardia. 1938. 11(5):211-25. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307 [CrossRef] DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307 [CrossRef]

Mackie D. B., Carter W. B. Pest control in rural warehouses and suggested improvements. California State Dept. Agr. Mo. Bul. 1937. 26:275-93.

Mally C. W. Arsenite of soda as a locust poison. So. Africa Dept. Agr. Jour. 1923. 6:220-23.

Maloeuf N. S. R. The myogenic automatism of the contraction of the heart of insects. Ent. Soc. Amer. Ann. 1935. 28:332-37.

Mansour K., Mansour-Bek J. J. On the cellulase and other enzymes of the larvae of Stromatium fulvum Villers (Family Cerambycidae). Enzymologia. 1937. 4:1-6.

Marshall J. The hydrogen ion concentration of the digestive fluids and blood of the codling moth larvae. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1939. 32:838-43.

McGovran E. R. A method of measuring tracheal ventilation in insects and some results obtained with grasshoppers. Ent. Soc. Amer. Ann. 1931. 24:751-61.

McGovran E. R. The effect of some gases on the tracheal ventilation of grasshoppers. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1932. 25:271-76.

McIndoo N. E. Effects of nicotine as an insecticide. Jour. Agr. Res. 1916. 7:89-122.

McIndoo N. E. Quantitative injection and effects of nicotine in insects. Jour. Agr. Res. 1937. 55:909-22.

Melander A. L. Can insects become resistant to sprays?. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1914. 7:167-73.

Metcalf C. L., Hockenyos G. L. The nature and formation of scale insect shells. Illinois State Acad. Sci. Trans. 1930. 22:166-84.

Ministerio de Agricultura, Argentina. Memoria de la Comision Central de Investigaciones sobre la Langosta correspondiente al ano 1934. 1936. Argentina: Buenos Aires. 249p.

Montalenti G. Gli enzimi e l’assorbimento delle sostanze solubili nell’intestino delle termiti. Arch. Zool. Ital. 1932. 16:859-64.

Moore W. Studies of the “resistant” California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii Mask. in California. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1933. 26:1140-61.

Moore W. Differences between resistant and nonresistant red scale in California. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1936. 29:65-78.

Moore W., Carpenter E. L. The fumigation of insects with hydrocyanic acid: effect of different air pressures. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1938. 31:419-26.

Morozov S. F. The penetration of contact insecticides. I. Methods of investigation and general properties of the cuticle with regard to its permeability. [In Russian.] Zashch. Rast. ot Vred. (Plant Protect.). 1935. 6:38-58.

Murphy D. F., Peet C. H. Insecticidal activity of aliphatic thiocyanates. I. Aphis. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1932. 25:123-29.

Murphy D. F., Peet C. H. Insecticidal activity of aliphatic thiocyanates. II. Mealy bug. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem. 1933. 25:638-39. DOI: 10.1021/ie50282a014 [CrossRef]

Murray D. R. P. Mineral oils as mosquito larvicides. Bul. Ent. Res. 1936. 27:289-305. DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300058508 [CrossRef]

Nelson F. C. The penetration of a contact oil spray into the breathing system of an insect. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1927. 20:632-35.

Nenjukov D. V., Tareev A. I. On the action of sodium arsenite as a stomach poison on the organism Locusta migratoria. [In Russian.] Narodnyi Komissariat Zemledelia, U. S. S. R. Rept. of Work of Lab. for Study of Poisonous Substances. 1928. 5:63-73.

Nenjukov D. V., Tareev A. I. The nonprotein nitrogen of insect blood: its variation with diet and arsenite poisoning. [In Russian.] Zashch. Rast. ot Vred. (Defense des Plantes). 1931. 3:33-38.

Nisikawa Y. Chemical properties of solutions prepared from the sodium fluosilicate-hydrated lime mixtures with special reference to their toxicity to plants. Kyoto Univ. Col. Agr. Mem. 1932. 21:1-15.

O’Kane W. C. Chemistry in the control of plant enemies. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem. 1923. 15:911-13. DOI: 10.1021/ie50165a020 [CrossRef]

O’Kane W. C., Baker W. C. Studies of contact insecticides. VIII. 1. A technique for tracing penetration of petroleum oil in insect eggs. 2. Some determinations of oil penetration into insect eggs. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 1934. 60:1-12.

O’Kane W. C., Baker W. C. Studies of contact insecticides. IX. Further determinations of oil penetration into insect eggs. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 1935. 62:1-8.

O’Kane W. C., Conklin J. G. Studies of contact insecticides. II. Lime sulphur in relation to San Jose and oyster shell scales. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 1930. 40:1-15.

O’Kane W. C., Glover L. C. Studies of contact insecticides. X. Penetration of arsenic into insects. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 1935. 63:1-8.

O’Kane W. C., Glover L. C. Studies on contact insecticides. XI. Further determinations of the penetration of arsenic into insects. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 1936. 65:1-8.

O’Kane W. C., Walker G. L., Guy H. G., Smith O. J. Studies of contact insecticides. VI. Reactions of certain insects to controlled applications of various concentrated chemicals. A new technique for initial appraisal of proposed contact insecticides. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 1933. 54:1-23.

O’Kane W. C., Westgate W. A., Glover L. C. Studies of contact insecticides. V. The performance of certain contact agents on various insects. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 1932. 51:1-20.

O’Kane W. C., Westgate W. A., Glover L. C., Lowry P. R. Studies of contact insecticides. I. Surface tension, surface activity and wetting ability as factors in the performance of contact insecticides. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 1930. 39:1-44.

Ongaro D. Una paraffina nell’ uovo di “Bombyx mori.”. Ann. Chim. Appl. 1933. 23:567-72.

Osterhout W. J. V. Permeability in large plant cells and in models. Ergeb. der Physiol. 1933. 35:967-1021. DOI: 10.1007/BF02331372 [CrossRef]

Osterhout W. J. V., Kamerling S. E., Stanley W. M. Kinetics of penetration. VII. Molecular versus ionic transport. Jour. Gen. Physiol. 1934. 17:469-80. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.17.3.469 [CrossRef]

Pagast G. Über Bau und Funktion der Analpapillen bei Acdcs aegypti L. Zool. Jahrb. Arb. f. Allg. Zool. u. Physiol. Tiere. 1936. 56:183-218.

Parfentjev J. A. Report of the experimental work of the avio-chemical expedition in 1926. [In Russian.] Zashch. Rast. ot Vred. (Plant Protect.). 1928. 5:161-68.

Parfentjev J. A., Devrient W. Über die Wirkung des Arsens auf den Gasstoffwechsel bei Insekten. Biochem. Ztschr. 1930. 217:368-77.

Patton R. P., Craig R. Rates of excretion of certain substances by the larva of the meal worm Tenebrio molitor. Jour. Exp. Zool. 1939. 81:437-57. DOI: 10.1002/jez.1400810307 [CrossRef]

Pearson A. M., Richardson C. H. The relative toxicity of trisodium arsenite and arsenious acid to the house fly, Musca domestica. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1933. 26:486-93.

Peters G. Chemie und Toxikologie der Schädlingsbekämpfung. 1936. Stuttgart, Germany: F. Enke. 120p.

Peters G., Ganter W. Zur Frage der Abtotung des Kornkäfer mit Bläusaure. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 1935. 21:547-59. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1935.tb00404.x [CrossRef]

Pilat M. Histological researches into the action of insecticides on the intestinal tube of insects. Bul. Ent. Res. 1935. 26:165-80. DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300038165 [CrossRef]

Pilat M. A histological study of the toxic effect on the alimentary canal of insects. [In Russian.] Zashch. Rast. ot Vred. (Plant Protect.), Ser. III,. 1936. 7:79-91.

Portier P. Symptomes de l’empoisonnement par la nicotine chez les Lepidopteres. Soc. de Biol. [Paris] Compt. Rend. 1930. 105:367-69.

Powers G. E., Headlee T. J. How petroleum oil kills certain mosquito eggs. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1939. 32:219-22.

Pratt F. S., Swain A. F., Eldred D. N. A study of fumigation problems: “protective stupefaction,” its application and limitations. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1931. 24:1041-63.

Pratt F. S., Swain A. F., Eldred D. N. Study of auxiliary gases for increasing the toxicity of hydrocyanic gas. Part I. Studies with ladybird beetles as indices of toxicity. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1933. 26:1031-41.

Pratt F. S., Swain A. F., Eldred D. N. Study of auxiliary gases for increasing the toxicity of hydrocyanic gas. Part 2. Studies with citrus-infesting scale insects as indices of toxicity. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1935. 28:975-83.

Pumphrey R. J., Rawdon-Smith A. F. Hearing in insects: the nature of the response of certain receptors to auditory stimuli. Roy. Soc. London Proc., Ser. B,. 1936. 121:18-27. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1936.0050 [CrossRef]

Pumphrey R. J., Rawdon-Smith A. F. Synaptic transmission of nervous impulses through the last abdominal ganglion of the cockroach. Roy. Soc. London Proc., Ser. B,. 1937. 122:106-18. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1937.0013 [CrossRef]

Pyenson L., MacLeod G. F. The toxic effects of naphthalene on Bruchus obtectus and Tenebrio molitor in various stages of development. Jour. Agr. Res. 1936. 5:705-13.

Quayle H. J. Are scales becoming resistant to fumigation?. Univ. California Jour. Agr. 1916. 3:333-34. 358.

Quayle H. J. The development of resistance to hydrocyanic acid in certain scale insects. Hilgardia. 1938. 11(5):183-210. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307 [CrossRef] DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307 [CrossRef]

Quayle H. J., Rohrbaugh P. W. Temperature and humidity in relation to HCN fumigation for the red scale. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1934. 28:1083-95.

Raffy A. Les échanges respiratoires des Lépidoptères. Ann. de Physiol. et Physiochim. Biol. 1934. 10:437-52.

Ramsay G. C., Carpenter J. A. An investigation on petroleum oils for malaria control purposes. Rec. Malaria Survey India. 1932. 3:203-18.

Ramsey J. A. The evaporation of water from the cockroach. Jour. Exp. Biol. 1935. 12:373-83.

Richardson C. H., Glover Louise H., Ellisor L. O. Penetration of gaseous pyridine, piperidine and nicotine into the bodies of certain insects. Science. 1934. 80:76-77. DOI: 10.1126/science.80.2064.76-a [CrossRef]

Richardson C. H., Shepard H. H. The effect of hydrogen-ion concentration on the toxicity of nicotine, pyridine and methyl pyrrolidine to mosquito larvae. Jour. Agr. Res. 1930. 41:337-48.

Ripper W. Zur Frage des Celluloseabbaus bei der Holzverdauung xylophager Insektenlarven. Ztschr. f. Vergleich. Physiol. 1930. 13:314-33. DOI: 10.1007/BF00339818 [CrossRef]

Roeder K. D. The action of certain drugs on the insect central nervous system. Biol. Bul. 1939. 76:183-89. DOI: 10.2307/1537858 [CrossRef]

Rotman M. N. The effect of anabasine on the gaseous exchange in insects. [In Russian.] Izv. Kurs. Prikl. Zool. 1936. 6(3):2-14.

Sazonov P., Skrjabina E. The metatoxic effect of stomach insecticides. [In Russian.] Zashch. Rast. ot Vred. (Plant Protect.). 1936. 11:72-81.

Schlottke E. Untersuchungen über die Verdauungsfermente der Insekten. II. Die Fermente der Laub und Feldheuschrecken und ihre Abhängigkeit von der Lebensweise. Ztschr. f. Vergleich. Physiol. 1937a. 24:422-50. DOI: 10.1007/BF00340801 [CrossRef]

Schlottke E. Die Abhängigkeit des Fermentgehalters von der Art der Nahrung. Versuche an Periplaneta orientalis L. Ztschr. f. Vergleich. Physiol. 1937b. 24:463-92. DOI: 10.1007/BF00341075 [CrossRef]

Shafer G. D. How contact insecticides kill. III. Michigan Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 1915. 21:1-67.

Shepard H. H., Buzicky A. W. Further studies of methyl bromide as an insect fumigant. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1939. 32:854-59.

Shepard H. H., Lindgren D. L., Thomas E. L. The relative toxicity of insect fumigants. Minnesota Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 1937. 120:1-23.

Shinoda O. Contributions to the knowledge of intestinal secretion in insects. III. On the digestive enzymes of the silkworm. Jour. Biochem. [Japan]. 1930. 11:345-67.

Shull W. E., Rice P. L. A method for temporary inhibition of coagulation in the blood of insects. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1933. 26:1083-89.

Shull W. E., Riley M. K., Richardson C. H. Some effects of certain toxic gases on the blood of the cockroach, Periplaneta orientalis (Linn.). Jour. Econ. Ent. 1932. 25:1070-72.

Sikes Enid K., Wigglesworth V. B. The hatching of insects from the egg and the appearance of air in the tracheal system. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci. 1931. 74:165-92.

Sinitzky N. U., Zalkind M. D. Studies on the effects of sodium fluoride upon the development and fecundity of the sugar beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis, in connection with sublethal doses given during the larval stage. [In Russian.] Nauch. Zap. Institut Sakh. Promysh. [Kiev]. 1934. 10(11-12):176-83.

Skrjabina E. Tissue respiration and its importance for the resistance of insects to arsenic. [In Russian.] Summary of scientific research work for year 1935. Lenin Acad. Agr. Sci., IT. S. S. R., Inst. Plant Protect. 1936a. pp.383-86.

Skrjabina E. The mechanism of insecticidal action. The pH of the insect’s intestines and blood and its modification on poisoning with arsenic and fluorine compounds. [In Russian.] Zashch. Rast. ot Vred. (Plant Protect.), Series III,. 1936b. 7:9-24.

Slifer Eleanor H. The formation and structure of a special water-absorbing area in the membranes covering the grasshopper egg. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci. 1938. 80:437-57.

Smith L. M. Control of the mealy plum aphid. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1937. 606:1-34.

Smith R. H. Microtechnique method of testing oil insecticides on scale insects. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1938. 31:632-33.

Snipes B. T., Tauber O. E. Time required for food passage through the alimentary tract of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana Linn. Ent. Soc. Amer. Ann. 1937. 30:277-84.

Speyer W. Spritzen und Stäuben mit Arsengiften zur Bekämpfung der Obstmade. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 1924. 10:189-210. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1924.tb01154.x [CrossRef]

Stahn I. Über die Atmungsregulation, besonders die Kohlensäureregulation, bei Dixippus morosus and Aeschna grandis. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Allg. Zool. u. Physiol. Tiere. 1928. 46:1-86.

Staniland L. N., Tutin F., Walton C. L. Investigations on egg-killing washes at the Long Ashton Research Station. Jour. Pomol. and Hort. Sci. 1930. 8:129-52.

Stegemann F. Die Flügeldecken der Cicindelinae. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Insektencuticula. Ztschr. f. Morph. u. Ökol. der Tiere. 1930. 18:1-73. DOI: 10.1007/BF00419205 [CrossRef]

Stellwaag F. Die Benetzungsfähigkeit flüssiger Pflanzenschutzmittel und ihre direkte Messbarkeit nach einem neuen Verfahren. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 1924. 10:163-76. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1924.tb01151.x [CrossRef]

Swingle H. S. Digestive enzymes of an insect. Ohio Jour. Sci. 1925. 25:209-18.

Swingle H. S. Physiology of insects with reference to their control. Alabama Agr. Exp. Sta. Ann. Rept. 1936. 47:26-27.

Swingle H. S. Relative toxicities to insects of acid lead arsenate, calcium arsenate and magnesium arsenate. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1938. 31:430-41.

Swingle M. C. Hydrogen ion concentration within the digestive tract of certain insects. Ent. Soc. Amer. Ann. 1931a. 24:489-95.

Swingle M. C. The influence of soil acidity on the pH value of the contents of the digestive tract of Japanese beetle larvae. Ent. Soc. Amer. Ann. 1931b. 24:496-502.

Tarasova K. L. The effect of anabasine on heart activity in insects. [In Russian.] Izv. Kurs. Prikl. Zool. 1936. 6(3):15-24.

Tareev A. I., Nenjukov D. V. Effects of poisons on normal digestion and on the blood of Calliptamus italicus. [In Russian.] Zashch. Rast. ot Vred. (Defense des Plantes). 1931. 3:39-49.

Tauber H. Activators and inhibitors of enzymes. Ergeb. der Enzymforsch. 1935. 4:42-67.

Tauber O. E. The distribution of chitin in an insect. Jour. Morph. 1934. 56:51-58. DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1050560104 [CrossRef]

Taubmann G. Untersuchungen über die Wirkungen organischer Rhodanide. Arch. f. Exp. Path. u. Pharmakol. 1930. 150:257-84. DOI: 10.1007/BF01862067 [CrossRef]

Thorpe W. H. The biology of the petroleum fly, Psilopa petrolii Coq. Ent. Soc. London Trans. 1930. 78:331-43. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1930.tb00391.x [CrossRef]

Tischler N. Studies on how derris kills insects. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1935. 28:215-20.

Trappmann W., Nitsche G. Methoden zur Prüfung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln. V. Beitrage zur Giftwertbestimmung und zur Kenntnis der Giftwirkung von Arsenverbindungen. Mitt. aus der Biol. Reichsanstalt f. Land- u. Forstw. 1933. 46:61-89.

Uvarov B. P. Insect nutrition and metabolism. A summary of the literature. Ent. Soc. London Trans. 1928. 76:255-343. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1929.tb01409.x [CrossRef]

Vinogradskaya O. H. Osmotic pressure of hemolymph in Anopheles maculipennis. [In Russian.] Meditsinskaia Parasitologiia. 1935. 4:377-80.

Voskresenskaya A. Poison penetration through the intestinal wall of insects. [In Russian.]. Zashch. Rast. ot Vred. (Plant Protect.) Ser. III,. 1936a. 7:25-36.

Voskresenskaya A. Vomiting as the cause of resistance of insects to arsenical compounds. [In Russian.] Summary of the scientific research work for year 1935. 1936b. Lenin Acad. Agr. Sci., U. S. S. R., Inst. Plant Protect. p. 380-83.

Warburg O. Über die Wirkung von Kohlenoxyd und Stickoxyd auf Atmung und Gärung. Biochem. Ztschr. 1927. 189:354-80.

Wigglesworth V. B. Digestion in the tsetse fly: a study of structure and function. Parasitology. 1929. 21:288-321. DOI: 10.1017/S0031182000022988 [CrossRef]

Wigglesworth V. B. A theory of tracheal respiration in insects. Roy. Soc. London Proc., Ser. B. 1930a. 106:229-50. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1930.0024 [CrossRef]

Wigglesworth V. B. The formation of the peritrophic membrane in insects, with special reference to the larvae of mosquitoes. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci. 1930b. 73:593-616.

Wigglesworth V. B. The physiology of excretion in a blood-sucking insect, Rhodnius prolixus. (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Jour. Exp. Biol. 1931. 8:411-51.

Wigglesworth V. B. On the function of the so-called “rectal glands” of insects. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci. 1932. 75:131-50.

Wigglesworth V. B. The function of the anal gills of the mosquito larva. Jour. Exp. Biol. 1933a. 10:16-24.

Wigglesworth V. B. The physiology of the cuticle and ecdysis in Rhodnius prolixus (Triatomidae, Hemiptera); with special reference to the function of the oenocytes and of the dermal glands. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci. 1933b. 76:269-318.

Wigglesworth V. B. Insect physiology. 1934. London: Methuen &; Co., Ltd. 134p. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.6831 [CrossRef]

Wigglesworth V. B. The regulation of osmotic pressure and chloride concentration in the haemolymph of mosquito larvae. Jour. Exp. Biol. 1938a. 15:235-47.

Wigglesworth V. B. The absorption of fluid from the tracheal system of mosquito larvae at hatching and moulting. Jour. Exp. Biol. 1938b. 15:248-54.

Wigglesworth V. B. The principles of insect physiology. 1939. New York, N. Y.: E. P. Dutton and Co. 434p. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5973-6 [CrossRef]

Wilcoxon F., Hartzell A. Some factors affecting the efficiency of contact insecticides. I. Surface forces as related to wetting and tracheal penetration. Boyce Thompson Inst. Contrib. 1931. 3:1-12.

Wilcoxon F., Hartzell A. Some factors affecting the efficiency of contact insecticides. III. Further chemical and toxicological studies of pyrethrum. Boyce Thompson Inst. Contrib. 1933. 5:115-27.

Woke P. A. The biological disposition of rotenone after ingestion by the southern armyworm. Jour. Agr. Res. 1938. 57:707-12.

Woke P. A. Inactivation of pyrethrum after ingestion by the southern armyworm and during incubation with its tissues. Jour. Agr. Res. 1939. 58:289-96.

Wolsky A. The effect of carbon monoxide on the oxygen consumption of Drosophila melanogaster pupae. Jour. Exp. Biol. 1938. 15:225-34.

Woodworth C. E. The reactions of wireworms to arsenicals. Jour. Agr. Res. 1938. 57:229-38.

Yeager J. F. Mechanographic method of recording insect cardiac activity, with reference to effect of nicotine on isolated heart preparations of Periplaneta americana. Jour. Agr. Res. 1938. 56:267-76.

Yeager J. F. Significance of the presystolic notch in the mechanocardiogram of Periplaneta americana (L.). Ent. Soc. Amer. Ann. 1939. 32:44-48.

Yeager J. F., Gahan J. B. Effects of the alkaloid nicotine on the rhythmicity of isolated heart preparations from Periplaneta americana and Prodenia eridania. Jour. Agr. Res. 1937. 55:1-19.

Yeager J. F., Hager Anna. On the rates of contraction of the isolated heart and Malpighian tube of the insect, Periplaneta orientalis: method. Iowa State Col. Jour. Sci. 1934. 8:391-95.

Yeager J. F., Hager Anna, Straley J. M. Some physiological effects of certain aliphatic thiocyanates on the isolated heart preparation from the roach, Blatta orientalis. Ent. Soc. Amer. Ann. 1935. 28:256-64.

Yeager J. F., Tauber O. E. Determination of total blood volume in the cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa, with special reference to method. Ent. Soc. Amer. Ann. 1932. 25:315-27.

Yonge C. M. On the nature and permeability of chitin. II. The permeability of the un-calcified chitin lining the foregut of Homarus. Roy. Soc. London Proc., Ser. B. 1936. 120:15-41. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1936.0021 [CrossRef]

Hoskins W. 1940. Recent contributions of insect physiology to insect toxicology and control. Hilgardia 13(6):307-386. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v13n06p307
Webmaster Email: sjosterman@ucanr.edu