Facebook
X (Twitter)
Reddit
Pinterest
Tumblr
Delicious
LinkedIn
StumbleUpon
Comparative histogenesis of vegetative and floral apices in Amygdalus communis, with special reference to the carpel
Author
Reid M. BrooksAuthor Affiliations
Reid M. Brooks was Instructor in Pomology and Junior Pomologist in the Experiment Station.Publication Information
Hilgardia 13(5):247-306. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v13n05p247. August 1940.
PDF of full article, Cite this article
Abstract
Abstract does not appear. First page follows.
Introduction
The interpretation of the carpel as a foliar structure has been criticized both favorably and adversely. Evidence for and against Goethe’s classical theory of metamorphosis in reference to the flower has been presented from a study of the vascular system of floral organs, paleobotanical material, and ontogeny. Thus far, however, no one has made a comparative histogenetic study of the mode of initiation of the foliage leaf and floral organs within the same species, together with an interpretation of the homologous or analogous nature of these structures.
Since, however, reproduction should be treated as a function of the entire plant, the reproductive shoot cannot be understood except in relation to the vegetative body (Arber, 1937). As a background, accordingly, for the interpretation of the carpel, the vegetative apex and the production of foliage-leaf primordia have been studied, by the present author, within the same species in order to permit a comparison with the floral apex and initiation of floral organs, with particular emphasis on the carpel.
In attempting to compare the carpel and the vegetative leaf, the histogenetic method of attack attempts to do more than merely describe the expected anatomical differences between the two types of structures. This method seeks to explain the nature of the organs in terms of their origin from an initial cell or region and to show the distribution of growth in each. The general morphological development of an organ may be known; but the histological method associates these modes of growth and development with the localization, the type, and the duration of the different kinds of meristematic phenomena.
Literature Cited
Aaron I. A study of blossom bud differentiation in the McIntosh variety of apple. Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 1936. 63:259-75. DOI: 10.2307/2480779 [CrossRef]
Abbott C. E. Blossom-bud differentiation in citrus trees. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1935. 22:476-85. DOI: 10.2307/2436118 [CrossRef]
Arber A. Floral anatomy and its morphological interpretation. New Phytol. 1933. 32:231-42. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1933.tb07008.x [CrossRef]
Arber A. The interpretation of the flower: a study of some aspects of morphological thought. Cambridge Phil. Soc. Biol. Rev. 1937. 12:157-84. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1937.tb01227.x [CrossRef]
Arber E. A. N., Parkin J. On the origin of angiosperms. Jour. Linn. Soc. [London], Bot. 1907. 38:29-80. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1907.tb01074.x [CrossRef]
Bancroft H. A review of researches concerning floral morphology. Bot. Rev. 1935. 1:77-99. DOI: 10.1007/BF02868619 [CrossRef]
Barnard C. Studies of growth and fruit bud formation. VI. A summary of observations during the seasons 1930/31 to 1934/35. Austral. Counc. for Sci. and Indus. Research Jour. 1938. 11:61-70.
Bary A. de, Bower F. O., Scott D. H. Comparative anatomy of the vegetative organs of the phanerogams and ferns. 1884. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 659p. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.56013 [CrossRef]
Bonne G. Recherches sur le pedicelle et la fleur des Rosacees. 1928. Paris: Privately published. 377p.
Bonnett O. T. The development of the barley spike. Jour. Agr. Research. 1935. 51:451-57.
Bower F. O. The origin of a land flora. 1908. London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd. 727p. DOI: 10.1007/BF01990593 [CrossRef]
Bower F. O. Primitive land plants; also known as the Archegoniatae. 1935. London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd. 658p.
Bradford F. C. The pollination of the pomaceous fruits. II. Fruit-bud development of the apple. Oregon Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1915. 129:1-16.
Braun A., Henfry A. The phenomenon of rejuvenescence in nature 1851. pp.1-341. The Ray Soc. Bot. and Physiol. Memoirs. The Ray Society, London. 1853. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.55643 [CrossRef]
Brown R. An account of a new genus of plants, named Rafflesia. Linn. Soc. London, Trans., Bot. 1822. 13:201-34. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1821.tb00062.x [CrossRef]
Brown R. On the organs and mode of fecundation in Orchideae and Asclepiadeae. Linn. Soc. London, Trans. Bot. 1833. 16:685-745. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1829.tb00158.x [CrossRef]
Brown R. On the relative position of the divisions of stigma and parietal placentae in the compound ovarium of plants. Misc. Bot. Works of Robert Brown. 1840. 1:555-63. The Ray Society, London. 1866. DOI: 10.1080/03745484309445260 [CrossRef]
Campbell C. Sulla biologia fiorale del mandorlo. (The floral biology of the almond.) Atti R. Accad. Naz. Lincei, Rend. Cl. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5 sér.,. 1915. 24(1915):256-61. I3
de Candolle A. P. Organographie végétale. 1827. 2: vols. Paris.
de Candolle A. P., Kingdon Boughton. Vegetable organography; or, an analytical description of the organs of plants. 1841. 2:2nd ed. London: Houlston and Stoneman. 334p. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.27791 [CrossRef]
Cave C. Structure et developpement du fruit. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5 sér. 1869. 10:123-90.
Clapham A. R. Advancing sterility in plants. Nature [London]. 1934. 133:704-5. DOI: 10.1038/133704a0 [CrossRef]
Cooper D. C. The anatomy and development of the floral organs of Buginvillaea glabra. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1932. 19:814-22. DOI: 10.2307/2436231 [CrossRef]
Cross G. L. The structure of the growing point and the development of the bud scales of Morus alba. Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 1936. 63:451-65. DOI: 10.2307/2480955 [CrossRef]
Cross G. L. The origin and development of the foliage leaves and stipules of Morus alba. Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 1937a. 64:145-63. DOI: 10.2307/2481137 [CrossRef]
Cross G. L. The morphology of the bud and the development of the leaves of Viburnum rufidulum. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1937b. 24:266-76. DOI: 10.2307/2436612 [CrossRef]
Cross G. L. A comparative histogenetic study of the bud scales and foliage leaves of Viburnum opulus. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1938. 25:246-58. DOI: 10.2307/2436651 [CrossRef]
Cross G. L. A note on the morphology of the deciduous shoots of Taxodium distichum. Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 1939. 66:167-72. DOI: 10.2307/2481227 [CrossRef]
Dixon H. H. The control of differentiation. Sci. Prog. [London]. 1936. 30:611-15.
Eames A. J. The vascular anatomy of the flower with refutation of the theory of carpel polymorphism. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1931. 18:147-88. DOI: 10.2307/2435823 [CrossRef]
Eames A. J., MacDaniels L. H. An introduction to plant anatomy. 1925. 1st ed. New York, N. Y.: McGraw-Hill Book Co. 364p.
Eames A. J., Wilson C. L. Carpel morphology in the Cruciferae. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1928. 15:251-70. DOI: 10.2307/2435922 [CrossRef]
Eichler A. W. Blüthendiagramme. 1875. 1: Leipzig: W. Engelmann. 347p.
Engler A. Kurze Erläuterung der Blüten- und Fortpflanzungsverhaltnisse. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenf amilien. 1926. 2nd ed. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. 167p.
Foster A. S. Salient features of the problem of bud-scale morphology. Cambridge Phil. Soc. Biol. Rev. 1928. 3:123-64. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1928.tb00853.x [CrossRef]
Foster A. S. A re-examination of the problem of bud-scale morphology. Fifth Internatl. Bot. Cong. Proc. 1931. 1930:276-77.
Foster A. S. The use of tannic acid and iron chloride for staining cell walls in meristematic tissue. Stain Technol. 1934. 9:91-92. DOI: 10.3109/10520293409116142 [CrossRef]
Foster A. S. A histogenetic study of foliar determination in Carya Buckleyi var. arkansana (Sarg.). Amer. Jour. Bot. 1935a. 22:88-147. DOI: 10.2307/2436175 [CrossRef]
Foster A. S. Comparative histogenesis of foliar transition forms in Carya. Univ. California Pubs. Bot. 1935b. 19:159-86.
Foster A. S. Leaf differentiation in angiosperms. Bot. Rev. 1936a. 2:349-72. DOI: 10.1007/BF02870152 [CrossRef]
Foster A. S. A neglected monograph on foliar histogenesis. Madroño. 1936b. 3:321-25.
Foster A. S. Structure and behavior of the marginal meristem in the bud-scales of Rhododendron. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1937a. 24:304-16. DOI: 10.2307/2436619 [CrossRef]
Foster A. S. Cell formation in the marginal meristem of the foliar organs of Rhododendron Griersonianum Balf. and Forrest. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1937b. 24:729 DOI: 10.2307/2436448 [CrossRef]
Garcin A. G. Recherches sur l’histogénèse des pericarps charnus. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 7 sér. 1890. 12:175-401.
Goebel K. On metamorphosis in plants. Sci. Prog. [London]. 1895. 3:114-26.
Goebel K., Bower H. M. Wilhelm Hofmeister: The work and life of a nineteenth century botanist. 1926. London: The Ray Society. 202p.
Goebel K. Organographie der Pflanzen. Vol. 3. Samenpflanzen. 1933. 3rd ed. Jena: Gustav Fischer. p. 1379-2078.
von Goethe J. W. Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanzen zu erklären 1790. Gotha.
Gourley J. H. Meristems and fruit bud formation in relation to general horticultural practice. Bot. Gaz. 1938. 99:845-53. DOI: 10.1086/334751 [CrossRef]
Gray A. The botanical text-book. Part I, An introduction to structural and physiological botany. Part II, The principles of systematic botany. 2nd ed. New York, N. Y.: Wiley and Putnam. 509p.
Gray A. Introduction to structural and systematic botany, and vegetable physiology, being a fifth and revised edition of the botanical text-book. 1871. New York, N. Y.: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor, and Co. 555p. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.28612 [CrossRef]
Gray A. Gray’s school and field book of botany. 1878. New York, N. Y.: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor, and Co. 386p. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.18029 [CrossRef]
Green J. R. A history of botany, 1860-1900. 1909. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 543p. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.1448 [CrossRef]
Grégoire V. La valeur morphologique des carpels dans les angiospermes. Acad. R. Belgique Classe Sci. Bul. 1931. 17:1286-1302.
Grégoire V. Les anomalies florales des Primula et la valeur du placenta central. Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, sér. B.,. 1935. 55:297-301.
Grégoire V. Sur l’origine prétendument “laterale” du carpelle dans les Acacia. Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, sér. B.,. 1936. 56:68-77.
Grégoire V. La morphogénèse et l’autonomie morphologique de l’appareil floral. I. Le carpelle. La Cellule. 1938. 47:287-452.
von Hanstein J. Die Scheitelzellgruppe im Vegetationspunkt der Phanerogamen. Festschr. der Niederrheim Ges. Natur. u. Heilkunde 1868. pp.109-43. Bonn.
Henslow G. On the vascular systems of floral organs and their importance in the interpretation of the morphology of flowers. Linn. Soc. London Jour. Bot. 1891. 28:151-97. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1890.tb01453.x [CrossRef]
Hunt K. W. A study of the style and stigma, with reference to the nature of the carpel. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1937. 24:288-95. DOI: 10.2307/2436615 [CrossRef]
Hutchinson J. The families of flowering plants. I. Dicotyledons. 1926. London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd. 328p. DOI: 10.2307/3901895 [CrossRef]
Jackson G. The morphology of the flowers of Rosa and certain closely related genera. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1934. 21:453-66. DOI: 10.2307/2436186 [CrossRef]
James W. O., Clapham A. R. The biology of flowers. 1935. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 116p.
Kausik S. B. Morphology of abnormal flowers in some angiosperms. New Phytol. 1938. 37:396-408. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1938.tb06955.x [CrossRef]
Klebs G. Über das Treiben der einheimischen Bäume speziell der Buche. Heidelberger Akad. der Wiss. Math.—nat. Kl. Abhandl. 1914. p.3.
Kühl R. Vergleichend—entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an der insectivore Nepenthes. Bot. Centbl., Beihefte. 1933. 51:311-34.
Lindley J. An introduction to botany. 1832. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman. 557p. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.21458 [CrossRef]
Linnaeus C. Systema naturae. 1759. 2:10th ed.825-1384.
Linnaeus C. Prolepsis plantarum. Amoenit. Academ. 1760. 6:324-41.
Loehwing W. F. Physiological aspects of sex in angiosperms. Bot. Rev. 1938. 4:581-625. DOI: 10.1007/BF02872451 [CrossRef]
Lund S. Baegeret hos Kurvblomsterne, et histologisk forsøg på at haevde udviklingens enhed i planteriget. Bot. Tidsskr. Anden Raekke. 1872. 2:1-120. (Translated as Le calice des Composées. Essai sur l’unité du developpement dans le règne végètal. p. 121-260.)
Moore J. A. Staining with safranin and fast green FCF. Stain Technol. 1936. 11:69-70.
Newman I. V. Studies in the Australian acacias. VI. The meristematic activity of the floral apex of Acacia longifolia and Acacia suaveolens as a histogenetic study of the ontogeny of the carpel. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Proc. 1936. 61(1-2):56-88.
Payer J. B. Traité d’organogénie comparée de la fleur 1857. Paris.
Pease V. A. Notes on the histology of the almond. Jour. Agr. Research. 1930. 41:789-800.
Priestley J. H. Cell growth and cell division in the shoot of the flowering plant. New Phytol. 1929. 28:54-81. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1929.tb06747.x [CrossRef]
Ragland C. H. The development of the peach fruit, with special reference to split-pit and gumming. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 1934. 31:1-21.
Robbins W. J., Rickett H. W. Botany. 1929. New York, N. Y.: D. Van Nostrand Co. 535p. DOI: 10.1097/00010694-195008000-00011 [CrossRef]
Rösler P. Histologische Studien am Vegetationspunkt von Triticum vulgare. Planta. 1928. 5:28-69. DOI: 10.1007/BF01993734 [CrossRef]
von Sachs J., Garnsey H. E. J., Balfour J. B. History of botany (1530-1860). 1890. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 568p. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.19626 [CrossRef]
Saunders E. R. A reversionary character in the stock (Mathiola incana) and its significance in regard to the structure and evolution of the gynoecium in the Rhoeadales, the Orchidaceae, and other families. Ann. Bot. [London]. 1923. 37:451-82.
Saunders E. R. The evolution of the syncarpous gynoecium. Internatl. Bot. Cong. Proc. 1931. 1930:295-96.
Saunders E. R. Comments on “Floral anatomy and its morphological interpretation.”. New Phytol. 1934. 33:127-69. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1934.tb06804.x [CrossRef]
Saunders E. R. Floral morphology. 1937. 1: Cambridge: W. Heffer &; Sons, Ltd. 132p. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1934.tb06804.x [CrossRef]
Schleiden J. M., Lankester Edwin. The principles of scientific botany; or, botany as an inductive science. 1849. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 616p. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.31287 [CrossRef]
Schmidt A. Histologische Studien an phanerogamen Vegetationspunkten. Bot. Archiv. 1924. 8:345-404.
Schoute J. C. Die Stelär-Theorie. 1902. Groningen. 182p.
Schüepp O. Meristeme. Linsbauer’s Handbuch d. Pflanzen-anatomie. 1926. 4: Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger.
Sinnott E. W. Structural problems at the meristem. Bot. Gaz. 1938. 99:803-13. DOI: 10.1086/334747 [CrossRef]
Small J. A textbook of botany for medical and pharmaceutical students. 1921. London: J. &; A. Churchill. 681p.
Strasburger E., Hillhouse W. Handbook of practical botany for the botanical laboratory and private student. 1908. 6th ed., rev. London: Swan Sonnenschein &; Co., Ltd. 527p. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.31417 [CrossRef]
Thomas H. H. The early evolution of the angiosperms. Ann. Bot. [London]. 1931. 45:647-72.
Thomas H. H. The old morphology and the new. Linn. Soc. London Proc. 1932. 145(part I, 1932-33):17-32. DOI: 10.1038/131047a0 [CrossRef]
Thomas H. H. The nature and origin of the stigma: a contribution towards a new morphological interpretation of the angiosperm flower. New Phytol. 1934. 33:173-98. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1934.tb06807.x [CrossRef]
Thomas H. H. Palaeobotany and the origin of the angiosperms. Bot. Rev. 1936. 2:397-418. DOI: 10.1007/BF02870162 [CrossRef]
Thompson D’Arcy W. On growth and form. 1917. Cambridge: University Press. 793p. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.11332 [CrossRef]
Thompson J. M. Studies in advancing sterility. Part VII. The state of flowering known as angiospermy (with special reference to placentation and to the origin and nature of follicles and achenes). Liverpool Univ., Hartley Bot. Lab. Pub. 1934. 12:1-47.
Thompson J. M. The acarpous nature of modern flowering. Sixth Internatl. Bot. Congr. Proc. Amsterdam. 1935. 2:122-24.
Thompson J. M. On the floral morphology of Elettaria cardamomum Maton. (With special reference to the interpretation of floral structure on the evidence of ontogeny and of vascular anatomy.) Liverpool Univ., Hartley Bot. Lab. Pub. 1936a. 14:1-23.
Thompson J. M. On the gynoecial apex and the terminal legume of Acacia longifolia Willd. and Acacia suaveolens Willd. Liverpool Univ., Hartley Bot. Lab. Pub. 1936b. 16:1-33.
Thompson J. M. On the place of ontogeny in floral enquiry. Liverpool Univ., Hartley Bot. Lab. Pub. 1937. 17:1-20.
van Tieghem P. Recherches sur la structure du pistil. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5 sér. 1868. 9:127-226.
van Tieghem P. Recherches sur la structure du pistil et sur l’anatomie comparée de la fleur. Acad. Sci. Inst. Imp. France Mem. 1875. 21:1-262.
Troll W. Organization und Gestalt im Bereich der Blüte 1928. Wiss. Bot. Monog. 1. Berlin.
Troll W. Vergleichende Morphologie der höheren Pflanzen. Erster Band: Vegetationsorgane. 1935. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger. 172p.
Tufts W. P., Morrow E. B. Fruit-bud differentiation in deciduous fruits. Hilgardia. 1925. 1:3-14. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n05p247 [CrossRef] DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n05p247 [CrossRef]
Velenovsky J. Vergleichende Morphologie der Pflanzen. 1905. Fr. ?ivná?, Prag. 277p. Teil. I.
Wilson C. L. The phylogeny of the stamen. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1937. 24:686-99. DOI: 10.2307/2436442 [CrossRef]
Wilson C. L., Haber J. M. An introduction to plant life. 1935. New York, N. Y.: Henry Holt and Co. 493p.
Wilson C. L., Just Th. The morphology of the flower. Bot. Rev. 1939. 5:97-131. DOI: 10.1007/BF02878180 [CrossRef]
Winkler A. J., Shemsettin E. M. Fruit-bud and flower formation in the Sultanina grape. Hilgardia. 1937. 10:589-611. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n05p247 [CrossRef] DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v13n05p247 [CrossRef]
Wolff C. F., Samassa Paul. Theoria generationis. 1759. 2: Leipzig: W. Engelmann. 193p.
Worsdell W. C. The principles of plant-teratology. 1916. 2: London: The Ray Society. 296p. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.56212 [CrossRef]
Young W. J. A study of nuts with special reference to microscopic identification. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Chem. Bul. 1912. 160:1-37. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.19937 [CrossRef]
Zimmermann W. A. Histologische Studien am Vegetationspunkt von Hypericum uralum. Jahrb. f. Wiss. Bot. 1928. 68:289-344.
Also in this issue:
Cotton price and production: Long term gains for California cotton growers depend on competitive pricing and growth of domestic, export marketsCommercial cut flower industry: Expansion of merchandising outlets for floral products needed to balance increased output capacity of growers
Sugar-beet nematode activity: Yields increased by early planting in sugar-beet nematode infested fields in date-of-planting tests in Monterey County
Polyethylene over strawberries: Strawberry bed covers markedly influence soil temperature and earliness of fruit in Orange and San Diego county tests
Soft scales infesting walnut: Chemical control required when natural mortality factors are disturbed by treatments directed against other insect pests
Plantclimates of California: Zones of similar plant responses and their possible interpretation by effective day-night temperatures
Chemicals on weeds in onions: Selective herbicides tested for economical control of common broad-leaved weeds and for effects on commercial onion crop
Developmental anatomy of the fleshy storage organ of Daucus carota
Structure of end walls in differentiating vessels