The use of selenium in sprays for the control of mites on citrus and grapes

Hoskins, W; Boyce, A; Lamiman, J

The use of selenium in sprays for the control of mites on citrus and grapes

Authors

W. M. Hoskins
A. M. Boyce
J. F. Lamiman

Authors Affiliations

W. M. Hoskins was Associate Professor of Entomology and Associate Entomologist in the Experiment Station; A. M. Boyce was Assistant Professor of Entomology and Assistant Entomologist in the Experiment Station; J. F. Lamiman was Instructor in Entomology and Junior Entomologist in the Experiment Station.

Publication Information

Hilgardia 12(2):113-175. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v12n02p113. November 1938.

PDF of full article, Cite this article

Abstract

Abstract does not appear. First page follows.

Introduction

For several years it has been increasingly obvious that the standard methods used for control of several plant-infesting mites in California are unsatisfactory (Boyce, 1936).5 For this reason the California Agricultural Experiment Station projects on the citrus red mite, Paratetranychus citri McG., and on the Pacific red spider, Tetranychus pacificus McG., have been carried on very actively. One feature of such projects is the examination of new materials under both small-scale and practical conditions. In pursuance of this work, a proprietary selenium-containing preparation called Selocide was tested by (Lamiman (1933)) against the Pacific red spider on grapes. This material had been used successfully by (Gnadinger (1933)) for control of the common red spider, Tetranychus telarius (Linn.), in greenhouses. The first small-scale field trials on both grapes and citrus were of so much promise that a new project6 was organized in 1934 for the purpose of making a thorough study of the practical utility of Selocide alone and in combination with other substances for the control of mites affecting citrus and grapes.

It is an interesting coincidence that at about the time when the use of selenium for plant protection was suggested, attention was first directed to this element as a harmful ingredient of animal and human foodstuffs. Since the first settlers went into the semiarid Great Plains region of the United States, a livestock ailment of unknown origin has been noticed in many areas of the present states of South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and other neighboring states.

Literature Cited

Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Selenium. Methods of analysis 1935. 4th ed.p.xix + 710. p. (See P. 13-14.) Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, D. C.

Beath O. A. Delayed action of selenium poisoning of livestock. Science. 1935. 81:617

Beath O. A., Draize J. H., Jepson H. F., Gilbert C. S., McCreary O. C. Certain poisonous plants of Wyoming activated by selenium and their association with respect to soil types. Jour. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. 1934. 23:94-97. DOI: 10.1002/jps.3080230204 [CrossRef]

Beath O. A., Eppson H. F., Gilbert C. S. Selenium and other toxic minerals in soils and vegetation. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1935. 206:1-55.

Beath O. A., Eppson H. F., Gilbert C. S. Selenium distribution in and seasonal variation of type vegetation occurring on seleniferous soils. Jour. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. 1937. 26:394-405. DOI: 10.1002/jps.3080260507 [CrossRef]

Beath O. A., Gilbert C. S., Eppson H. F. Selenium in soils and vegetation associated with rocks of Permian and Triassic age. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1937. 24:96-101. DOI: 10.2307/2436728 [CrossRef]

Berg R., Teitelbaum M. Beitrag zur jodometrischen Selenbestimmung. Chem. Zeit. 1928. 52:142

Boyce A. M. The citrus red mite (spider) problem in southern California. California Citrograph. 1936. 21:418 438-40.

Byers H. G. Selenium occurrence in certain soils in the United States with a discussion of related topics. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 1935. 482:1-48.

Byers H. G. Selenium occurrence in certain soils in the United States with a discussion of related topics. Second report. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 1936. 530:1-79.

Byers H. G., Knight H. G. Selenium in soils in relation to its presence in vegetation. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem. 1935. 27:902-4. DOI: 10.1021/ie50308a013 [CrossRef]

Byers H. G., Williams K. T., Lakin H. W. Selenium in Hawaii and its probable source in the United States. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem. 1936. 28:821-23. DOI: 10.1021/ie50319a018 [CrossRef]

Calcagni G. Fotosintesi inorganiche. Gaz. Chim. Ital. 1935. 65:558-66.

Cameron C. A. A preliminary note on the absorption of selenium by plants. Roy. Dublin Soc. Sci. Proc. 1880. 2:231-33.

Draize H. J., Beath O. A. Observations on the pathology of blind staggers and alkali disease. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1935. 86:753-63.

Dudley H. C. Toxicology of selenium. I. A study of the distribution of selenium in acute and chronic cases of selenium poisoning. Amer. Jour. Hyg. 1936. 23:169-80.

Dudley H. C., Byers H. G. Determination of selenium. Quantitative determination on animal matter and clinical test in urine. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem., anal. ed. 1935. 7:3-4. DOI: 10.1021/ac50093a002 [CrossRef]

Franke K. W. A new toxicant occurring naturally in certain samples of plant foodstuffs. Jour. Nutrition. 1934. 8:609-12. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0140273 [CrossRef]

Franke K. W., Moxon A. L. A comparison of the minimum fatal doses of selenium, tellurium, arsenic and vanadium. Jour. Pharm. and Expt. Therap. 1936. 58:454-59.

Franke K. W., Painter E. P. Selenium in proteins from toxic foodstuffs. I. Remarks on the occurrence and nature of the selenium present in a number of foodstuffs or their derived products. Cereal Chem. 1936. 13:67-70.

Franke K. W., Painter E. P. Effect of sulfur additions on seleniferous soils. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem. 1937. 29:591-95. DOI: 10.1021/ie50329a025 [CrossRef]

Franke K. W., Painter E. P. A study of the toxicity and selenium content of seleniferous diets: with statistical consideration. Cereal Chem. 1938. 15:1-24.

Franke K. W., Potter V. R. A new toxicant occurring naturally in certain samples of plant foodstuffs. Jour. Nutrition. 1935. 10:213-21. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0140273 [CrossRef]

Franke K. W., Potter V. R. The ability of rats to discriminate between diets of varying degrees of toxicity. Science. 1936a. 83:330-32. DOI: 10.1126/science.83.2153.330-a [CrossRef]

Franke K. W., Potter V. R. The effect of selenium-containing foodstuffs on growth and reproduction of rats at various ages. Jour. Nutrition. 1936b. 12:205-14.

Franke K. W., Rice T. D., Johnson A. G., Schoening H. W. Report on a preliminary field survey of the so-called “Alkali Disease” of livestock. U. S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 1934. 320:1-10.

Franke K. W., Tully W. C. A new toxicant occurring naturally in certain samples of plant foodstuffs. V. Low hatchability due to deformities in chicks. Poultry Sci. 1935. 14:273-79. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0140273 [CrossRef]

Franke K. W., Tully W. C. A new toxicant occurring naturally in certain samples of plant foodstuffs. VII. Low hatchability due to deformities in chicks produced from eggs obtained from chickens of known history. Poultry Sci. 1936. 15:316-18. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0150316 [CrossRef]

Gnadinger C. B. Selenium insecticide material for controlling red spider. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem. 1933. 25:633-37. DOI: 10.1021/ie50282a013 [CrossRef]

Gnadinger C. B. Facts regarding selocide and selenium. 1937. Minneapolis, Minn: McLaughlin Gormley King Co. 15p.

Goldschmidt V. M., Hefter O. Zur Geochemie des Selens. Nachr. Gesell. Wiss. Göttingen, Math-physik Klasse. 1933. 1933:245-52.

Goldschmidt V. M., Strock L. W. Zur Geochemie des Selens. II. Nachr. Gesell. Wiss. Göttingen, Math.-physik Klasse Fachgruppe. IV, Geologie und Mineralogie. 1935. 1(11):123-42.

Gooch F. A., Reynolds W. G. The reduction of the acids of selenium by hydriodic acid. Amer. Jour. Sci. 1895. 150:254-58. DOI: 10.2475/ajs.s3-50.297.254 [CrossRef]

Gordon J. C. The selenium analog of cystine and the diselenides of the lower fatty acids. Diss., Cath. Univ. of Amer. 1935. p.44.

Horn M. J., Nelson E. M., Jones D. B. Studies on toxic wheat grown on soils containing selenium. Cereal Chem. 1936. 13:126-39.

Hoskins W. M. The absorption of selenium by citrus and by grapes. Science. 1938. 87:46-47. DOI: 10.1126/science.87.2246.46 [CrossRef]

Hurd-Karrer Annie M. Selenium injury to wheat plants and its inhibition by sulphur. Jour. Agr. Research. 1934. 49:343-57.

Hurd-Karrer Annie M. Factors affecting the absorption of selenium from soils by plants. Jour. Agr. Research. 1935. 50:413-27.

Hurd-Karrer Annie M. Selenium absorption by plants and their resulting toxicity to animals. Smithsn. Inst. Ann. Rept. 1936. 1935:289-301.

Hurd-Karrer Annie M. Selenium absorption by crop plants as related to their sulphur requirement. Jour. Agr. Research. 1937. 54:601-8.

Hurd-Karrer Annie M., Kennedy Mary H. Inhibiting effect of sulphur in selenized soil on toxicity of wheat to rats. Jour. Agr. Research. 1936. 52:933-42.

Jones C. O. The physiological effects of selenium compounds with relation to their action on glycogen and sugar derivatives in the tissues. Biochem. Jour. 1909. 4:405-19.

Karns G. M. Ashing apparatus for samples containing traces of iodine. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem., anal. ed. 1932. 4:299-300. DOI: 10.1021/ac50079a025 [CrossRef]

Knight H. G. The selenium problem. Jour. Assoc. Off. Agr. Chem. 1935. 18:103-8.

Knight H. G. Selenium and its relation to soils, plants, animals and public health. Sigma Xi Quarterly. 1937. 25:1-9.

Knight S. H., Beath O. A. The occurrence of selenium and seleniferous vegetation in Wyoming. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1937. 221:1-64.

Kolnitz H. von, Remington R. E. A simplified Karns technic for the micro-estimation of iodine. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem., anal. ed. 1933. 5:38-39.

Lakin H. W., Williams K. T., Byers H. G. “Non toxic” seleniferous soils. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem. 1938. 30:599-600.

Lamiman J. F. A new spray for red spiders. Pacific Rural Press. 1933. 125(6):94

Lipman J. G., Waksman S. A. Oxidation of selenium by a new group of autotrophic microörganisms. Science. 1923. 57:60

Lougee F. Marion, Hopkins B. S. Selenium compounds as spray materials. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem. 1925. 17:456-59. DOI: 10.1021/ie50185a005 [CrossRef]

Lyons R. E., Shinn F. L. Quantitative determination of selenium in organic compounds. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1902. 24:1087-93. DOI: 10.1021/ja02025a013 [CrossRef]

Madison T. C., Coolidge R. H. Sanitary report—Fort Randall. Statistical report on the sickness and mortality in the army of the United States, Jan., 1855, to Jan., 1860 1860. 36th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Exec. Doc. 52:37-41

Martin A. L. Toxicity of selenium to plants and animals. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1936. 23:471-83. DOI: 10.2307/2436195 [CrossRef]

Mathews J. A., Curl A. L., Osborn R. A. Report on selenium. Jour. Assoc. Off. Agr. Chem. 1937. 20:194-202.

McNally W. D. Toxicology. 1937. Chicago: Industrial Medicine. 1022p. DOI: 10.1097/00005053-194201000-00044 [CrossRef]

Miller J. T., Byers H. G. A selenium spring. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem., news ed. 1935. 13:456

Miller J. T., Byers H. G. Selenium in plants in relation to its occurrence in soils. Jour. Agr. Research. 1937. 55:59-68.

Miller W. T., Schoening H. W. Toxicity of selenium fed to swine in the form of sodium selenite. Jour. Agr. Research. 1938. 56:831-42.

Montignie E. Action de l’eau sur le sélénium et le tellure. Bul. Soc. Chim. France, ser. 5. 1934. 1:507-8.

Moxon A. L. Alkali disease or selenium poisoning. South Dakota Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1937. 311:1-91.

Muehlberger C. W., Schrenk H. H. The effect of the state of oxidation on the toxicity of certain elements. Jour. Pharm. and Exp. Therap. 1928. 33:270-71.

Munsell Hazel E., De Vaney Grace M., Kennedy Mary H. Toxicity of food containing selenium as shown by its effect on the rat. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 1936. 534:1-26.

Nelson E. M., Hurd-Karrer A. M., Robinson W. O. Selenium as an insecticide. Science. 1933. 78:124 DOI: 10.1126/science.78.2015.124 [CrossRef]

Noddack I., Noddack W. Die Häufigkeit der chemischen Elemente. Naturwissenschaften. 1930. 18:757-64.

Noddack I., Noddack W. Die geochemischen Verteilungkoeffizienten der Elemente. Svensk Kemisk Tidskrift. 1934. 46:173-201.

Norris J. F., Fay H. Iodometric determination of selenious and selenic acids. Amer. Chem. Jour. 1896. 18:703-6.

Norton J. T. Influence of hydrochloric acid in titration of sodium thiosulfate with special reference to estimation of selenious acid. Amer. Jour. Sci. 1899. 157:287-93.

Noyes A. A., Bray W. C. A system of qualitative analysis for the common elements. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1907. 29:137-205. DOI: 10.1021/ja02206a006 [CrossRef]

Noyes A. A., Bray W. C. A system of qualitative analysis for the rare elements. 1927. New York City: The Macmillan Company. 536p.

Painter E. P., Franke K. W. Selenium in proteins from toxic foodstuffs. III. The removal of selenium from toxic protein hydrolysates. Jour. Biol. Chem. 1935. 111:643-51.

Parker E. R. Experiments on the treatment of mottle-leaf of citrus trees, IV. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 1938. 35:217-26.

Poley W. E., Moxon A. L., Franke K. W. Further studies of the effects of selenium poisoning on hatchability. Poultry Sci. 1937. 16:219-25. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0160219 [CrossRef]

Robinson W. O. Determination of selenium in wheat and soils. Jour. Assoc. Off. Agr. Chem. 1933. 16:423-24.

Robinson W. O. Selenium content of wheat from various parts of the world. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem. 1936. 28:736-38. DOI: 10.1021/ie50318a028 [CrossRef]

Robinson W. O., Dudley H. C., Williams K. T., Byers H. G. Determination of selenium and arsenic by distillation. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem., anal. ed. 1934. 6:274-76. DOI: 10.1021/ac50090a020 [CrossRef]

Schneider H. A. Selenium in nutrition. Science. 1936. 83:32-34. DOI: 10.1126/science.83.2141.32-a [CrossRef]

Smith M. I., Franke K. W., Westfall B. B. The selenium problem in relation to public health. Pub. Health Repts. 1936. 51:1496-1505. DOI: 10.2307/4582321 [CrossRef]

Smith M. I., Stohlman E. F., Lillie R. D. The toxicity and pathology of selenium. Jour. Pharm. and Exp. Therap. 1937. 60:449-71.

Smith M. I., Westfall B. B. Further field studies on the selenium problem in relation to public health. Pub. Health Repts. 1937. 53:1375-84. DOI: 10.2307/4582321 [CrossRef]

Smith M. I., Westfall B. B., Stohlman E. F. The elimination of selenium and its distribution in the tissues. Pub. Health Repts. 1937. 52:1171-77. DOI: 10.2307/4582283 [CrossRef]

Smith M. I., Westfall B. B., Stohlman E. F. Studies on the fate of selenium in the organism. Pub. Health Repts. 1938. 53:1199-1216. DOI: 10.2307/4582598 [CrossRef]

Steen F. “Alkali disease”—selenium poisoning. Arch. Path. 1936. 22:398-412.

Strock L. W. The distribution of selenium in nature. Amer. Jour. Pharm. 1935. 107:144-57.

Taboury M. F. Sur la presence du sélénium dans les eaux minérales de la Roche-Posay (Vienne). Bul. Soc. Chim. France, ser. 4. 1909. 5:865-67.

Trelease S. F., Martin A. L. Plants made poisonous by selenium absorbed from the soil. Bot. Rev. 1936. 2:373-96. DOI: 10.1007/BF02870153 [CrossRef]

Trelease S. F., Trelease Helen M. Toxicity to insects and mammals of foods containing selenium. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1937. 24:448-51. DOI: 10.2307/2436430 [CrossRef]

Trelease S. F., Trelease Helen M. Selenium as a stimulating and possibly essential element for certain plants. Science. 1938. 87:70-71. DOI: 10.1126/science.87.2247.70 [CrossRef]

Tully W. C., Franke K. W. A new toxicant occurring naturally in certain samples of plant foodstuffs. VI. A study of the effect of affected grains on growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 1935. 14:280-84. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0140280 [CrossRef]

Wilcox E. V. Looking selenium in the eye. Country Gentleman. 1935. 100(11):8 73.

Williams K. T. Report on selenium in soils. Jour. Assoc. Off. Agr. Chem. 1937. 20:225-28.

Williams K. T., Byers H. G. Occurrence of selenium in the Colorado River and some of its tributaries. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem., anal. ed. 1935. 7:431-32.

Williams K. T., Byers H. G. Selenium compounds in soils. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem. 1936. 28:912-14. DOI: 10.1021/ie50320a009 [CrossRef]

Williams K. T., Lakin H. W. Determination of selenium in organic matter. Jour. Indus. and Engin. Chem., anal. ed. 1935. 7:409-10. DOI: 10.1021/ac50098a019 [CrossRef]

Woodruff I. O., Gies W. J. On the toxicology of selenium and its compounds. Amer. Jour. Physiol. 1902. 6:xxix-xxx.

Also in this issue:

Parity in marketing orders: Law places limits on federal assistance when marketing order programs are suspended or operated at minimum standards

Aphid parasites established: Natural enemies of spotted alfalfa aphid brought from Middle East expected to be established throughout the state in 1958

Gibberellin on white potatoes: Applied to freshly harvested, resting potato tubers, or used in preharvest foliar sprays, gibberellin promotes sprouting

Gibberellin tested on grapes: Specific responses to sprays shown in fruit set, berry size, and elongation of cluster parts in experiments during 1957

Chemicals on European red mite: Two different methods of evaluation of spray materials for spider mite control used in field tests during 1957 season

Crown mite damage on spinach: Investigations demonstrate value of early chemical treatment for control of relatively new mite affecting spinach leaves

Fertilizer trial with plums: Results of tests with Santa Rosa variety in principal plum growing area of Kern County determined by leaf analyses

Micronutrients in the avocado: Effects of nitrogen fertilization on the zinc, copper, iron, manganese and boron content of Fuerte avocado leaves

Manzanita control in ponderosa: Prescribed burning used to kill brush and to deplete seed source in the soil and promote germination of pine seedlings

Grocery store credit service: Credit, like delivery, telephone, and sales service, offered customers is related to characteristics of individual stores

The deposit of aqueous solutions and of oil sprays