Injurious effects of manganese and iron deficiencies on the growth of citrus

Haas, A

Injurious effects of manganese and iron deficiencies on the growth of citrus

Author

A. R. C. Haas

Author Affiliations

A. R. C. Haas was Associate Plant Physiologist in the Experiment Station.

Publication Information

Hilgardia 7(4):181-206. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v07n04p181. November 1932.

PDF of full article, Cite this article

Abstract

Abstract does not appear. First page follows.

The presence of a small amount of manganese is known to be essential for chlorophyll formation in certain plants, while the presence of an excess is destructive to chlorophyll. It is believed that neither iron nor manganese is a constituent of chlorophyll. Iron is the only element commonly spoken of as being a catalyzer of chlorophyll formation. The importance of manganese in chlorophyll catalysis is becoming increasingly more evident, which is believed to be indirectly due to its action upon the iron of the cells. Interest in these elements is increased because very little is known regarding their effects on the growth of citrus, and especially of their possible bearing on the mottle-leaf problem.

With citrus in sand or solution cultures no manganese-deficiency symptoms could be obtained when so-called “chemically pure” iron was used except in cases where a minimum of iron was used with cultures of rapidly growing 2 to 3-year-old trees. Chemical analysis showed that every source of iron available for culture solutions was contaminated with manganese to a greater or lesser extent, and that until manganese-free iron was prepared it was impossible to differentiate between the effects of deficiencies of iron and manganese.

Literature Cited

[1] Bishop W. B. S. Distribution of manganese in plants and its importance in plant metabolism. Australian Jour. Exp. Biol. and Med. Sci. 1928. 5:125-140. DOI: 10.1038/icb.1928.9 [CrossRef]

[2] Bryan O. C. The stimulating effect of external applications of copper and manganese on certain chlorotic plants of the Florida Everglades soils. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron. 1929. 21:923-933. DOI: 10.2134/agronj1929.00021962002100090005x [CrossRef]

[3] Clark N. A., Fly C. L. The rôle of manganese in the nutrition of Lemna. Plant Physiol. 1930. 5: p. 241-248. DOI: 10.1104/pp.5.2.241 [CrossRef]

[4] Elvehjem C. A., Hart E. B. Iron in nutrition. II. Quantitative methods for the determination of iron in biological materials. Jour. Biol. Chem. 1926. 67:43-51.

[5] Gilbert B. E., McLean F. T. A “deficiency disease”: The lack of available manganese in a lime-induced chlorosis. Soil Sci. 1928. 26:27-31. DOI: 10.1097/00010694-192807000-00002 [CrossRef]

[6] Haas A. R. C. Some nutritional aspects in mottle-leaf and other physiological diseases. Hilgardia. 1932. 6:483-559.

[7] Haas A. R. C., Klotz L. J. Some anatomical and physiological changes in Citrus produced by boron deficiency. Hilgardia. 1931. 5:175-197.

[8] Haas A. R. C., Thomas E. E. Effect of sulphate on lemon leaves. Bot. Gaz. 1928. 86:345-354. DOI: 10.1086/333904 [CrossRef]

[9] Hopkins E. F. Necessity and function of manganese in the growth of Chlorella sp. Sci. 1930. 72: p. 609-610. DOI: 10.1126/science.72.1876.609 [CrossRef]

[10] Hopkins E. F. Manganese and the growth of Lemna minor. Sci. 1931. 74: p. 551-552. DOI: 10.1126/science.74.1926.551 [CrossRef]

[11] Ingalls R. A., Shive J. W. Relation of H-ion concentration of tissue fluids to the distribution of iron in plants. Plant Physiol. 1931. 6:103-125. DOI: 10.1104/pp.6.1.103 [CrossRef]

[12] Johnson M. O. Manganese chlorosis in pineapples: Its cause and control. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1924. 52:1-38.

[13] Kelley W. P. The function of manganese in plants. Bot. Gaz. 1914. 57:213-227. DOI: 10.1086/331262 [CrossRef]

[14] Lee H. A., McHargue J. S. The effect of a manganese deficiency on the sugar cane plant and its relationship to Pahala blight of sugar cane. Phytopath. 1928. 18:775-786.

[15] Mann H. B. Availability of manganese and of iron as affected by applications of calcium and magnesium carbonates to the soil. Soil Sci. 1930. 30:117-141. DOI: 10.1097/00010694-193008000-00003 [CrossRef]

[16] McGeorge W. T. The chlorosis of pineapple plants grown on manganiferous soils. Soil Sci. 1923. 16:269-274. DOI: 10.1097/00010694-192310000-00004 [CrossRef]

[17] McHargue J. S. The effect of manganese on the growth of wheat: a source of manganese for agricultural purposes. Jour. Ind. and Eng. Chem. 1919. 11:332-335. DOI: 10.1021/ie50112a022 [CrossRef]

[18] McHargue J. S., Calfee R. K. Effect of manganese, copper, and zinc on growth and metabolism of Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus nigricans. Bot. Gaz. 1931. 91: p. 183-193. DOI: 10.1086/334138 [CrossRef]

[19] McHargue J. S., Shedd O. M. The effect of manganese, copper, zinc, boron, and arsenic on the growth of oats. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron. 1930. 22:739-746. DOI: 10.2134/agronj1930.00021962002200080010x [CrossRef]

[20] McLean F. T. Feeding plants manganese through the stomata. Sci. 1927. 66:487-489. DOI: 10.1126/science.66.1716.487 [CrossRef]

[21] McLean F. T., Gilbert B. E. Manganese as a cure for a chlorosis of spinach. Sci. 1925. 61:636-637. DOI: 10.1126/science.61.1590.636 [CrossRef]

[22] Miller L. P. Manganese deficiency in sand cultures. Am. Fertilizer. 1928. 68:21-22.

[23] Richards Marion B. Manganese in relation to nutrition. Biochem. Jour. 1930. 24:1572-1589.

[24] Samuel G., Piper C. S. Manganese as an essential element for plant growth. Ann. Appl. Biol. 1929. 16:493-524. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.1929.tb07630.x [CrossRef]

[25] Skinner J. J., Ruprecht R. W. Fertilizer experiments with truck crops. I. Celery and lettuce on Leon fine sand. II. Tomatoes on calcareous Glade soil. Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1930. 218:1-65.

[26] Willis L. G. Response of oats and soy beans to manganese on some Coastal Plain soils. North Carolina Sta. Bul. 1928. 257:1-13.

Also in this issue:

National and farm incomes: Time-element in relationships of incomes of economic segments and the national income in periods of change

Orchard sprinkler irrigation: Studies show supply of readily available soil moisture more important for fruit growth than type of irrigation

Alfalfa hay quality: Leaf shatter loss greatest when hay is handled at low moisture content

DDT resistant leafhoppers: Malathon outstanding for grape leafhopper control in tests in areas where DDT resistance was present

Acaricides on apples and pears: Tentative ratings of II acaricides given for spider mite control in northern California for 1953 season

Cyclamen mite on strawberry: Successful control by use of natural enemy of pest possible as indicated by results of field investigations

Nematode on cotton: Root-knot nematode control by soil fumigation profitable in Kern County

Systox on cotton: Systemic insecticide successful in southern California control tests

Walnut aphid study: Shows systox promising material for conditions in northern California

Pests of red kidney beans: Increased yields resulted from proper timing and application of control treatments tested in 1952 trials

Efficiency in fruit marketing: Costs of dumping field lugs and receiver-trucking costs studied in relation to packing-house methods