Hilgardia
Hilgardia
Hilgardia
University of California
Hilgardia

Systematics and bionomics of predaceous and phytophagous mites associated with pine foliage in California: I. Survey of mites present on native pines, including a description of a new species of Phytoseiidae

Authors

Laurence D. Charlet
James A. McMurtry

Authors Affiliations

Laurence D. Charlet was Postgraduate Research Entomologist in the Department of Entomology, Riverside; James A. McMurtry was Professor of Entomology, and Entomologist in the Division of Biological Control, Department of Entomology, Riverside.

Publication Information

Hilgardia 45(7):173-210. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v45n07p173. October 1977.

PDF of full article, Cite this article

Abstract

A survey was made to determine the mite species occurring on the foliage of 17 native species of pines in California. Mites were removed from the needles by an air-agitated water bath; 23 different families were recovered. The Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae, and Tenuipalpidae were the most frequently recovered families. A new species of phytoseiid, Amblyseius muricatus, is described.

Literature Cited

Anderson N. H., Morgan C. V. G., Chant D. A. Notes on occurrence of Typhlodromus and Phytoseius spp. in Southern British Columbia (Acarina; Phytoseiinae). Can. Ent. 1958. 90:275-79. DOI: 10.4039/Ent90275-5 [CrossRef]

Athias-Henriot C. Phytoseiidae et Aceosejidae (Acarina, Gamasina) d’Algérie. IV. Genre Typhlodromus Scheuten, 1857. Bul. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de l’Afrique du Nord. 1962. 51:62-107. 1960

Atyeo W. T. A revision of the mite family Bdellidae in North and Central America (Acarina, Prostigmata). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 1960. 40:345-499.

Atyeo W. T., Baker E. W., Crossley D. A. Jr. The genus Raphignathus Duges (Acarina, Raphignathidae) in the United States with notes on the Old World Species. Acarologia. 1961. 3:14-20.

Bailey D. K. Phytogeography and taxonomy of Pinus Subsection Balfourianae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 1970. 57:210-49. DOI: 10.2307/2395110 [CrossRef]

Baker E. W. Seis especies de Lorryia (Acarina, Tydeidae). Ann. Inst. Biol. Mex. 1944. 15:215-22.

Baker E. W. A review of the mites of the family Cheyletidae in the United States National Museum. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1949. 99:267-320. DOI: 10.5479/si.00963801.99-3238.267 [CrossRef]

Baker E. W. A review of the genera of the family Tydeidae (Acarina). Advances in Acarology II. 1965. Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publ. Assoc. p. 95-133.

Baker E. W. The genus Paralorryia. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1968. 61:1097-1106.

Baker E. W., Wharton G. W. An introduction to acarology. 1952. New York: The Macmillan Co. 465p.

Baker E. W., Balock J. Mites of the family Bdellidae. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 1944. 46:176-84.

Balogh J. Identification keys of world oribatid (Acari) families and genera. Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung. 1961. 7:243-344.

Balogh J. A synopsis of the world oribatid (Acari) genera. Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung. 1965. 11:5-99.

Balogh J. The oribatid genera of the world. 1972. Budapest, Hungary: Akademiai Kiado. 188p. 71p. plates.

Banks N. Descriptions of some new mites. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 1905. 7:133-42.

Banks N. The Acarina or mites 1915. p.163. USDA Rpt. 108.

Berlese A. Acari, myriopoda, et scorpiones, hucusque in Italia reperta, Ordo Prostigmata 1882-1883. Patavii. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.1589 [CrossRef]

Berlese A. Acari dannosi alle piante coltivati 1886. p.31. Padova

Berlese A. Acari, Myriopoda, et scorpionida, fasc 1894. p.72.

Berlese A. Acarotheca Italica. 1913. Firenze, Italy: Tipografia di M. Ricci. 221p.

Berlese A. Acari nuovi. Redia. 1914. 10:113-50.

Berlese A. Centuria prima di Acari nuovi. Redia. 1916. 12:19-67.

Berlese A. Centuria sesta di Acari nuovi. Redia. 1923. 15:237-62.

Brickhill C. D. Biological studies of two species of tydeid mites from California. Hilgardia. 1958. 27:601-20. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v27n20p601 [CrossRef]

Bright D. E. Jr., Stark R. W. The bark and ambrosia beetles of California (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Bull. Calif. Ins. Surv. 1973. 16:1-169.

Browne F. G. Pests and diseases of forest plantation trees. 1968. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1330p.

Buchelos T. C., Pritchard A. E. Amblyseius similoides, a new predaceous mite from California (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Pan-Pac. Ent. 1960. 36:179-82.

Canestrini G., Fanzago F. Nouvi acari italiani (ser. 2). Atti Soc. Veneto-Trentina Sci. Nat. 1876. 5:99-111.

Chant D. A. Notes on mites of the genus Typhlodromus Scheuten, 1857 (Acarina, Laelaptidae), with descriptions of the males of some species and the female of a new species. Can. Ent. 1955. 87:496-503. DOI: 10.4039/Ent87496-11 [CrossRef]

Chant D. A. Descriptions of some phytoseiid mites (Acarina, Phytoseiidae). Part I. Nine new species from British Columbia with keys to the species of British Columbia. Part II. Redescriptions of eight species described by Berlese. Can. Ent. 1957. 87:289-308.

Chant D. A. Phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Part I. Bionomics of seven species of southeastern England. Part II. A taxonomic review of the family Phytoseiidae, with descriptions of 38 new species. Can. Ent. 1959. 91(Suppl. 12):166

Chant D. A. Two new species of Typhlodromus from California (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Pan-Pac. Ent. 1960. 36:135-38.

Chant D. A., Hansell R. I. C., Yoshida E. The genus Typhlodromus Scheuten (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in Canada and Alaska. Can. J. Zool. 1974. 52:1265-91. DOI: 10.1139/z74-168 [CrossRef]

Condrashoff S. F. An extraction method for rapid counts of insect eggs and small organisms. Can. Ent. 1967. 99:300-03. DOI: 10.4039/Ent99300-3 [CrossRef]

Cunliffe F., Baker E. W. A guide to the predatory phytoseiid mites of the United States. Pinellas Biological Laboratory, Inc., Publ. No. 1953. 1:1-28.

Cunliffe N., Ryle G. B. The conifer spinning mite on Sitka spruce, Oligonychus ununguis (Jacobi). Quart. J. For. 1923. 17:359-62.

Deleon D. The genus Neophyllobius in Mexico (Acarina: Neophyllobiidae). Fla. Ent. 1958. 41:173-81. DOI: 10.2307/3492958 [CrossRef]

Deleon D. A new genus and three new species of phytoseiid mites from Mexico with collection records on Phytoseius plumifer (C. and F.) and P. macropilis (Banks). Ent. News. 1959. 70:147-52.

Deleon D. The genus Brevipalpus in Mexico. Fla. Ent. 1960. 43:187 DOI: 10.2307/3492785 [CrossRef]

Deleon D. A note on Neoseiulus Hughes 1948 and new synonomy (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 1965a. 67:23

Deleon D. Phytoseiid mites from Puerto Rico with descriptions of new species (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Fla. Ent. 1965b. 48:121-31. DOI: 10.2307/3493102 [CrossRef]

Denmark H. A., Muma M. H. Phytoseiid mites of Brazil (Acarina, Phytoseiidae). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 1973. 33:235-76.

Donnadieu A. L. Récherches pour servir a l’histoire des Tetranyques. Ann. Soc. Lyon. 1875. 22(1875):34-163. 12: 1-134. Also published in 1876, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon (n. ser.)

Duges A. Récherches sur l’ordre des Acariens en général et la famille des Trombidies en particulier. Ann. Sc. Nat. (Zool.). 1834. 1(series 2):21

Ehara S. Tetranychoid mites of conifers in Hokkaido. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ. Ser. VI, Zool. 1962. 15:157-75.

Ehara S. The tetranychoid mites of Japan. Acarologia. 1964. 6:409-14.

Ehara S. Some mites associated with plants in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, with a list of plant mites of South America. Jap. J. Zool. 1966. 15:129-50.

Ehara S. Phytoseiid mites from Okinawa Island (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Mushi. 1967. 40:67-82.

Evans G. O. On a new predatory mite of economic importance. Bull. Ent. Res. 1952. 43:397-401. DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300040566 [CrossRef]

Ewing H. E. Three new species of the genus Bdella (mites). Can. Ent. 1909. 41:122-26. DOI: 10.4039/Ent41122-4 [CrossRef]

Ewing H. E. New species of economic mites. J. Econ. Ent. 1917. 10:497-501.

Ewing H. E. New nearctic spider mites of the family Tetranychidae. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 1921. 59:659-66. DOI: 10.5479/si.00963801.59-2394.659 [CrossRef]

Ewing H. E., Nesbitt H. H. J. Some notes on the taxonomy of grain mites (Acarina: Acaridae, formerly Tyroglyphidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 1942. 55:121-24.

Fellin D. G. Sampling mites on Douglas-fir foliage with the Henderson-McBurnie machine. J. Econ. Ent. 1967. 60:1743-44.

Fellin D. G. Mites collected from Douglas-fir foliage in Montana. J. Econ. Ent. 1968. 61:877-78.

Flaherty D. L., Hoy M. A. Biological control of Pacific mites and Willamette mites in San Joaquin Valley vineyards: Part III. Role of tydeid mites. Res. Pop. Ecol. 1971. 8:80-96. DOI: 10.1007/BF02522015 [CrossRef]

Fleschner C. A., Arakawa K. The mite Tydeus californicus on citrus and avocado leaves. J. Econ. Ent. 1952. 45:1092

Garman P. Notes on the life history of the spruce mite. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 1923. 247:340-42.

Garman P. Mite species from apple trees in Connecticut. Bull. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta. 1948. 520:27

Garman P., McGregor E. A. Four new predaceous mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1956. 55:7-13.

Grandjean F. Observations sur les acariens de la famille des Stigmaeidae. Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. 1944. 26:103-31.

Grandjean F. Études sur les Smarisidae et quelques autres Erythroides (Acariens). Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 1947. 85:1-126.

Griffin J. R., Critchfield W. B. The distribution of forest trees in California. USDA Forest Serv. Res. Paper. 1972. PSW-82:114

Hammen L. van der. The Oribatei (Acari) of the Netherlands. Zool. Verhand. Leiden. 1952. 17:1-139.

Hartenstein R. Soil Oribatei VII. Decomposition of conifer needles and deciduous leaf petioles by Steganacarus diaphanum (Acarina: Phthiracaridae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1962. 55:713-16.

Hayes A. J. Studies on the distribution of some phthiracarid mites (Acari: Oribatidae) in a coniferous forest soil. Pedobiologia. 1965. 5:252-61.

Henderson C. F., McBurnie H. V. Sampling technique for determining populations of the citrus red mite and its predators 1943. p.11. USDA Circ. No. 671. Wash., D.C.

Hermann J. F. Mémoire apterologique 1804. pp.60-2. Ouvrage couronne en 1790 par la société d’histoire naturelle de Paris, public par Frederic-Louis Hammer, Strasbourg

Hirst S. Revision of the English species of red spider (genera Tetranychus and Oligonychus) 1920. pp.49-60. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1920

Hirst S. On some new species of red spider. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 9). 1924. 14:522-27.

Hughes A. M. The mites associated with stored food products 1948. p.168. Min. Agr. and Fisheries, London.

Hurlbutt H. W. The genus Asca von Heyden (Acarina: Mesostigmata) in North America, Hawaii and Europe. Acarologia. 1963. 5:480-518.

Jacobi A. Eine Spinnmilbe (Tetranychus ununguis n. sp.) als. Koniferenschädling. Naturw. Zts. Land. Forst. 1905. 3:239-47.

Johnson P. C. Spruce spider mite infestations in Northern Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir forests. USDA For. Serv. Intermt. For. Rge. Exp. Sta. Res. Paper. 1958. 55:1-14.

Karg W. Zur kenntnis der Typhlodromiden (Acarina: Parasitiformes) aus ackerund grunlandboden. A. Angew. Ent. 1961. 47:440-52. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1960.tb02848.x [CrossRef]

Karg W. Bodenbiologische Untersuchungen uber die eignung von milben, insbesondere von parasitiform en Raubmilben, als indikatoren. Pedobiologia. 1968. 8:30-49.

Keifer H. H. The eriophyid mites of California. Bull. Calif. Ins. Survey. 1952. 2:123

Keifer H. H., Saunders J. L. Trisetacus campnodus, n. sp. (Acarina: Eriophyidae), attacking Pinus sylvestris. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1972. 65:46-9.

Kennett C. E. Some species of Typhlodromus from dwarf mistletoes in North America. Pan-Pac. Ent. 1963. 39:247-52.

Kinn D. N. The life cycle and behavior of Cercoleipus coelonotus (Acarina: Mesostigmata) (Including a survey of phoretic mite associates of California Scolytidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent. 1971. 65:66

Kobayashi F., Murai M. Methods for estimating the number of the cryptomeria red mite, especially with the removal by solutions. Res. Pop. Ecol. 1965. 7:35-42. DOI: 10.1007/BF02518813 [CrossRef]

Kobayashi F., Murai M. Preliminary studies for the population estimation of the cryptomeria red mite, Oligonychus hondoensis. Res. Pop. Ecol. 1966. 8:161-69. DOI: 10.1007/BF02518804 [CrossRef]

Koch C. L. Deutschlands crustaceen, myriapoden, und arachniden 1839. Fasc. 23. Regensburg.

Koehler C. S., Frankie G. W. Distribution and seasonal abundance of Oligonychus subnudus on Monterey pine. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1968. 61:1500-06.

Kramer P. Grundzuge zur systematik der milben. Arch. f. Naturgesch., Neue Folge (Berlin). 1877. 43:215-47.

Krantz G. W. A manual of acarology. 1970. Corvallis, Oregon: O.S.U. Book Stores, Inc. 335p.

Landwehr V. R. Ecology of Brevipalpus pini (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae) and associated mites on Monterey pine, Pinus radiata 1974. p.179. Unpub. Ph.D. Diss., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley.

Leach W. E. A tabular view of the external characters of four classes of animals, etc. Trans. Linn. Soc. London. 1815. 11:399

Lindquist E. E. Mites parasitizing eggs of bark beetles of the genus Ips. Can. Ent. 1964. 96:125-6. DOI: 10.4039/Ent96125-1 [CrossRef]

Lindquist E. E. Mites and the regulation of bark beetle populations. 1969a. Budapest: Akad. Kiado. p. 389-99. Proc. 2nd. Intern. Congr. Acar. 1967)

Lindquist E. E. Review of holarctic tarsonemid mites (Acarina: Prostigmata) parasitizing eggs of ipine bark beetles. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada. 1969b. 60:111

Lindquist E. E. Relationships between mites and insects in forest habitats. Can. Ent. 1970. 102:978-84. DOI: 10.4039/Ent102978-8 [CrossRef]

Lindquist E. E., Evans G. O. Taxonomic concepts in the Ascidae, with a modified setal nomenclature for the idiosoma of the gamasina (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 1965. 47:64

Lindquist E. E., Bedard W. D. Biology and taxonomy of mites of the genus Tarsonemoides (Acarina: Tarsonemidae) parasitizing eggs of bark beetles of the genus Ips. Can. Ent. 1961. 93:982-99. DOI: 10.4039/Ent93982-11 [CrossRef]

Linnaeus C. Systema Naturae I 1758. 10th edit.p.824. Stockholm.

Little E. L. Jr., Critchfield W. B. Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A., For. Serv. Misc. Publ. 1969. 1144:1-51.

Matthysse J. G., Naegele J. A. Spruce mite and southern red mite control experiments. J. Econ. Ent. 1952. 45:383-7.

McGraw J. R., Farrier M. H. Mites of the superfamily Parasitoidea (Acarina: Mesostigmata) associated with Dendroctonus and Ips (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). North Carolina Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. No. 1969. 192:162

McGregor E. A. The red spiders of America and a few European species likely to be introduced. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 1919. 56:641-79. DOI: 10.5479/si.00963801.56-2303.641 [CrossRef]

McGregor E. A. Two spinning mites attacking the incense cedar in California. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1936. 29:770-5.

McGregor E. A. Mites of the family Tetranychidae. Amer. Midl. Natur. 1950. 44:257-420. DOI: 10.2307/2421963 [CrossRef]

McGregor E. A. The mites of citrus trees in southern California. Mem. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1956. 3:5-42.

McMurtry J. A., Huffaker C. B., van de Vrie M. Ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural enemies: A review. I. Tetranychid enemies: Their biological characters and the impact of spray practices. Hilgardia. 1970. 40:331-90. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v40n11p331 [CrossRef]

McMurtry J. A., Oatman E. R., Fleschner C. A. Phytoseiid mites on some tree and row crops and adjacent wild plants in southern California. J. Econ. Ent. 1971. 64:405-8.

McMurtry J. A., Johnson H. G., Scriven G. T. Experiments to determine effects of mass releases of Stethorus picipes on the level of infestation of the avocado brown mite. J. Econ. Ent. 1969. 62:1216-21.

Merwe G. G. van der. A taxonomic study of the family Phytoseiidae (Acarina) in South Africa with contributions to the biology of two species. S. Africa Dept. Agr. Tech. Serv., Ent. Mem. 1968. 18:1-198.

Metz L. J., Farrier M. H. Acarina associated with decomposing forest litter in North Carolina piedmont. 1969. Budapest: Akad. Kiado. p. 42-52. Proc. 2nd Interl. Congr. Acar. 1967)

Moser J. C., Roton L. M. Mites associated with southern pine bark beetles in Allen Parish, Louisiana. Can. Ent. 1971. 103:1775-98. DOI: 10.4039/Ent1031775-12 [CrossRef]

Muma M. H. Phytoseiidae (Acarina) associated with citrus in Florida. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1955. 48:262-72.

Muma M. H. Subfamilies, genera and species of Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Bull. Fla. Sta. Mus. (Biol. Sci.). 1961. 5:267-302.

Muma M. H. New Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) from Florida. Fla. Ent. 1962. 45:1-10. DOI: 10.2307/3492897 [CrossRef]

Muma M. H. Generic synonomy in the Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Fla. Ent. 1963. 46:11-16. DOI: 10.2307/3493011 [CrossRef]

Muma M. H. Cheyletidae (Acarina: Trombidiformes) associated with citrus in Florida. Fla. Ent. 1964. 47:239-53. DOI: 10.2307/3493742 [CrossRef]

Muma M. H., Denmark H. A. Some generic descriptions and name changes in the family Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Fla. Ent. 1968. 51:229-40. DOI: 10.2307/3493424 [CrossRef]

Muma M. H., Denmark H. A. The conspicua series—group of Typhlodromina Muma, 1961. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1969. 62:406-13.

Muma M. H., Denmark H. A. Phytoseiidae of Florida. Arthropods of Florida Vol. 1970. 6:Fla. Dept. Agr. and Consumer Services. 150p. Contrib. No. 148, Bureau of Entomology.

Muma M. H., Apeji S. A. Oligonychus milleri on Finns caribaea in Jamaica. Fla. Ent. 1970. 53:241 DOI: 10.2307/3493195 [CrossRef]

Murray A. Economic entomology, aptera. 1877. London: Chapman and Hall. 433p.

Nalepa A. Eriophyidae (Phytoptidae) 1898. Tierreich, 4. Lieferung.

Neiswander R. B. Control of mites on woody ornamental plants. J. Econ. Ent. 1952. 45:373-6.

Nesbitt H. H. J. A taxonomic study of the Phytoseiinae (family Laelaptidae) predaceous upon Tetranychidae of economic importance. Zool. Verh. No. 1951. 12:64

Newell I. M. Studies on the Johnstonianidae (Acarina: Parasitengona). Pac. Sci. 1957. 11:396-466.

Newell I. M. Feeding habits in the genus Balaustium (Acarina, Erythraeidae), with special reference to attacks on man. J. Parasit. 1963. 49:498-502. DOI: 10.2307/3275825 [CrossRef]

Newell I. M. Construction and use of tabular keys. Pac. Ins. 1970. 12:25-37.

Newell I. M. Tabular keys—Further notes on their construction and use. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci. 1972. 44:259-67.

Oldfield G. N. The biology and morphology of Eriophyes emarginatae, a Prunus finger gall mite, and notes on E. prunidemissae. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1969. 62:269-77.

Oudemans A. C. Verlag van de zeven-en-vijftigste zomergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging. Tijdschr. v. Ent. 1902. 45:59

Oudemans A. C. Acarologische Aanteekeningen. XI. Ent. Ber. Nederl. Ent. Ver. 1904. 1:154

Oudemans A. C. Notizen uber Acari, 25 1916. Reihe. Arc. Naturg. 82. Jahrgang.

Oudemans A. C. Nieuwste oonderzoekingen in de groep der Tyroglyphidae. Tijdschr. Ent. 1924. 67:22-8.

Oudemans A. C. Acarologischen aantee-keningen CVIII. Ent. Ber. Nederland. Ent. Ver. 1931. 8:351-63.

Oudemans A. C. Kritisch historisch overzicht der acarologie 1937. p.922. III. Ged. 1805-1850, band C. Leyden, XXIII.

Powell J. M. The arthropod fauna collected from the comandra blister rust, Cronartium comandrae, on Lodgepole pine in Alberta. Can. Ent. 1971. 103:908-18. DOI: 10.4039/Ent103908-6 [CrossRef]

Prasad V. Biology of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus macropilus in Hawaii (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1967. 60:905-8.

Prasad V. Some Typhlodromus mites from Hawaii. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1968. 61:1369-72.

Price D. W. Abundance and vertical distribution of micro-arthropods in the surface layers of a California Pine Forest Soil. Hilgardia. 1973. 42:121-48. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v42n04p121 [CrossRef]

Pritchard A. E., Baker E. W. A revision of the spider mite family Tetranychidae. Pac. Coast. Ent. Soc. Mem. Ser. 1955. 2:472

Pritchard A. E., Baker E. W. The false spider mites (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent. 1958. 14:175-274.

Pritchard A. E., Baker E. W. Mites of the family Phytoseiidae from Central Africa, with remarks on the genera of the world. Hilgardia. 1962. 33:205-309. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v33n07p205 [CrossRef]

Putman W. L. Life history and behavior of Balaustium putmani (Acarina: Erythraeidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1970. 63:76-81.

Reck G. F. Materiali k faune pautinnikh kleshchei gruzii (Tetranychidae: Acarina). Trudy Inst. Zool. Akad. Nauk. Gruz. S.S.R. 1950. 9:117-34.

Reeves R. M. Tetranychidae infesting woody plants in New York State, and a life history study of the elm spider mite Eotetranychus matthyssei n. sp. Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta. Mem. 1963. 380:99

Robineau-Desvoidy J. B. Récherches sur l’organisation vertébrale des crustaces, arachnides et insectes. (Paris) 1828. p.1911. (Teste Oudemans 1937, K.H.O.A. IIID, IIIG, 3284)

Ryle G. B. The conifer spinning mite or red spider Paratetranychus (Oligonychus) ununguis Jacobi. Quart. J. For. 1925. 19:31-9.

Schuster R. O., Pritchard A. E. Phytoseiid mites of California. Hilgardia. 1963. 34:191-285. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v34n07p191 [CrossRef]

Soriven G. T., McMurtry J. A. Quantitative production and processing of tetranychid mites for large-scale testing or predator production. J. Econ. Ent. 1971. 64:1255-7.

Sellnick M. Milben von der Kuste Schwedans. Ent. Tidskrift (Entomologiska foreningen, Stockholm). 1949. 70:123-35.

Smiley R. L. Two new erythraeids predaceous upon cotton bollworm eggs. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 1964. 66:110

Smiley R. L. Further descriptions of two erythraeids predaceous upon cotton bollworm eggs. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 1966. 68:25-8.

Smiley R. L., Moser J. C. New species of mites from pine (Acarina). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 1968. 70:307-17.

Smith L. M., Summers F. M. The structure and biology of the red spider predator, “Hypoaspis” maropilis (Banks) (Acarina: Laelaptidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 1949. 51:209-18.

Snetsinger R. Biology of Bdella depressa, a predaceous mite. J. Econ. Ent. 1956. 49:745-6.

Southcott R. V. Descriptions of a new Australian raphignathoid mite, with remarks on the classification of the trombidiformes (Acarina). Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales. 1957. 81:306-12.

Southcott R. V. Studies on the systematics and biology of the Erythraeoidea (Acarina), with a critical revision of the genera and subfamilies. Austr. J. Zool. 1961. 9:367-610. DOI: 10.1071/ZO9610367 [CrossRef]

Specht H. B. Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) in the New Jersey apple orchard environment with descriptions of spermathecae and three new species. Can. Ent. 1968. 100:673-92. DOI: 10.4039/Ent100673-7 [CrossRef]

Stevens R. E., Hawksworth F. G. Insects and mites associated with dwarf mistletoes. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Res. Pap. 1970. RM-59:12

Summers F. M. Eupalopsis and Eupalopsellid mites (Acarina: Stigmaeidae, Eupalopsellidae). Fla. Ent. 1960. 43:119-38. DOI: 10.2307/3492677 [CrossRef]

Summers F. M. Key to families of the Raphignathoidea (Acarina). Acarologia. 1966. 8:226-9.

Summers F. M. A new genus for several Cheyletid mites formerly in Acaropsis (Acarina: Cheyletidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 1976. 78:190-4.

Summers F. M., Price D. W. Review of the mite family Cheyletidae. Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent. 1970. 61:1-153.

Summers F. M., Schlinger E. I. Mites of the family Caligonellidae (Acarina). Hilgardia. 1955. 23:539-61. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v23n12p539 [CrossRef]

Thor S. Z. Syst. Fam. Bdellidae, Eupodidae, Cunaxidae. In Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges., Wien. 1902. 52:159-65.

Tuttle D. M., Baker E. W. The spider mites of Arizona. Ariz. Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 1964. 158:44

Tuttle D. M., Baker E. W. Spider mites of southwestern United States. 1968. Tucson, Arizona: The Univ. of Ariz. Press. 143p.

Tuttle D. M., Muma M. H. Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) inhabiting agricultural and other plants in Arizona. Univ. Ariz. Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 1973. 208:55

Vitzthum H. G. Ordung Milben, Acari. In “Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas.”. 1929. 3:1-112. (Quelle and Mayer: Leipzig)

Vitzthum H. G., Bronns H. G. Acarina. Klassen and Ordnungen des Tierreichs. 5 (Abt. IV, Buch 5) 1941. p.1011. Leipzig.

Volgin V. I. Acarina of the family Cheyletidae, world fauna. Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R., Zool. Inst., Opredel. p. Faune S.S.E. no. 1969. 101:1-432.

von Scheller H D. Zur biologie und schadwirkung der nadelholzspinnmilbe Oligonychus ununguis Jacobi (Acarina: Tetranychidae) und der fichtenrohrenlaus Liosomaphis abietina Walker (Horn. Aphid.). Teil I: Oligonychus ununguis Jacobi. Z. Angew, Ent. 1962. 51:69-85. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1962.tb04060.x [CrossRef]

Wainstein B. Revision du genre Typhlodromus Scheuten, 1857, et systématique de la famille des Phytoseiidae (Berlese, 1916) (Acarina: Parasitiformes). Acarologia. 1962. 4:5-30.

Willmann C. Die Milben fauna der Norseeinsel Wangerooge. Verofftl. Inst. Meeresforsch, Bremerhaven. 1952. 1:139-86.

Womersley H. Additions to the trombidiid and erythraeid acarine fauna of Australia and New Zealand. J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.). 1936. 40(269):107-21. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1936.tb01680.x [CrossRef]

Womersley H., Southcott R. V. Notes on the Smaridiidae (Acarina) of Australia and New Zealand. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Austral. 1941s. 65:61-78.

Wooley T. A. A preliminary account of the phylogeny of the Oribatei (Acarina: Sarcoptiformes). Proc. 10th Intern. Congr. Ent. 1958. 1:867-73.

Wooley T. A. Some interesting aspects of oribatid ecology (Acarina). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1960. 53:251-3.

Wooley T. A., Baker E. W. A key to the superfamilies and principal families of the Oribatei (Sarcoptiformes: Acarina). Ent. News. 1958. 69:85-92.

Yunker C. E. The genera Bak, new genus and Cheletomimus Oudemans, with descriptions of three new species (Acarina: Cheyletidae). Can. Ent. 1961. 93:1023-35. DOI: 10.4039/Ent931023-11 [CrossRef]

Zacher F. Untersuchungen uber spinnmilben. Mitt kais. Biol. Anst. Land-Forst. 1913. 14:37-41.

Charlet L, McMurtry J. 1977. Systematics and bionomics of predaceous and phytophagous mites associated with pine foliage in California: I. Survey of mites present on native pines, including a description of a new species of Phytoseiidae. Hilgardia 45(7):173-210. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v45n07p173
Webmaster Email: sjosterman@ucanr.edu