Hilgardia
Hilgardia
Hilgardia
University of California
Hilgardia

An annotated list and bibliography of insects reported to have virus diseases

Author

Kenneth M. Hughes

Author Affiliations

Kenneth M. Hughes was Assistant Specialist in Insect Pathology, Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley.

Publication Information

Hilgardia 26(14):597-629. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v26n14p597. May 1957.

PDF of full article, Cite this article

Abstract

Abstract does not appear. First page follows.

No comprehensive listing of the insects reported to be affected by viruses has been made for a number of years. In 1915, Chapman and Glaser (47)3 published a list of insects having “wilt.” Revised listings based on Chapman and Glaser’s work, and including additional entries, have been made by Sweetman (198), Bergold (7), and Steinhaus (185). Recent years have produced so much new information on the virus diseases of insects [Martignoni (125) reported that in 1954 more than 150 insect species were known to suffer from virus diseases] that all the above lists are now quite incomplete.

In the list presented here an attempt has been made to include all published reports of virus infections in insects, regardless of the validity of such reports. There are certainly many entries of questionable authenticity, but their evaluation is left to the judgment of those who may find the listing useful.

A notation as to the type of virus disease was included in nearly all entries. An attempt was made to distinguish between the nuclear polyhedroses and the cytoplasmic polyhedroses whenever the information available in the literature permitted such a distinction. Those cases in which a polyhedrosis is involved, but without evidence to indicate the type of polyhedrosis, were recorded simply as “polyhedrosis.” The bibliography is not a complete listing of all literature in which reference is made to a virus disease of an insect, but it is hoped that none of the principal publications has been overlooked.

The scientific and common names used agree with those found in “Common Names of Insects Approved by the Entomological Society of America” (Amer. Ent. Soc. Bul. vol. 1, no. 4, December, 1955). Common names of some of the species not included in the above listing were obtained from “Catalogue of injurious insects in Japan” by T. Shiraki (Economic and Scientific Section, Natural Resources Division, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Tokyo, 1952, 7 vols.), and from the publication or publications referred to in the text by number.

Bibliography

[1.] Aizawa K. Preliminary note on the successive passage through Philosamia ricini Boisd. of the jaundice virus of Bombyx mori L. Jour. Seric. Sci. [Japan]. 1952. 21:170-72.

[2.] Allen H. W. Notes on a Bombylid parasite and a polyhedral disease of the southern grass worm, Laphygma frugiperda. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1921. 14:510-11.

[3.] Allen H. W. An infestation of Autographa biloba Steph on lettuce. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1924. 17:504

[4.] Arvy L. Sur la présence probable d’un virus du genre Paillotella Steinhaus dans les leucocytes de Malacosoma neustria L. (Lépidoptère, Lasiocampidae). Rev. Hématol. 1953. 8:204-12.

[5.] Balch R. E. The disease of the European spruce sawfly. Canada Dept. Agr., Forest Insect Invest. Bi-monthly Prog. Rpt. 1946. 2(5):1

[6.] Balch R. E., Bird F. T. A disease of the European spruce sawfly, Gilpinia hercyniae (Htg.), and its place in natural control. Sci. Agr. 1944. 25:65-80.

[7.] Bergold G. Über Polyederkrankheiten bei Insekten. Biol. Zentbl. 1943. 63:1-55.

[8.] Bergold G. Die Isolierung des Polyeder-Virus und die Natur der Polyeder. Ztschr. Naturforsch. 1947. 2b:122-43.

[9.] Bergold G. Bündelförmige Ordnung von Polyederviren. Ztschr. Naturforsch. 1948. 3b:25-26.

[10.] Bergold G. Inaktivierung des Polyeder-Virus durch Kollidon. Ztschr. Naturforsch. 1948. 3b:300-01.

[11.] Bergold G. Über die Kapselvirus-Krankheit. Ztschr. Naturforsch. 1948. 3b:338-42.

[12.] Bergold G. The polyhedral disease of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canada Dept. Agr., Forest Insect Invest. Bi-monthly Prog. Rpt. 1949. 5(3):2

[13.] Bergold G. The multiplication of insect viruses as organisms. Canad. Jour. Res. 1950. 28:5-11. DOI: 10.1139/cjr50e-002 [CrossRef]

[14.] Bergold G. Notes on polyhedral disease of forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria. Canada Dept. Agr., Forest Insect Invest. Bi-monthly Prog. Rpt. 1951. 7(4):1-2.

[15.] Bergold G. The polyhedral disease of the spruce budworm. Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canad. Jour. Zool. 1951. 29:17-23.

[16.] Bergold G. Fortschritte und Probleme auf dem Gebiete der Insektenviren. Ztschr. Angew. Ent. 1951. 33:267-78. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1952.tb00668.x [CrossRef]

[17.] Bergold G. Demonstration of the polyhedral virus in blood cells of silkworms. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1952. 8:397-400. DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(52)90064-4 [CrossRef]

[18.] Bergold G., Smith , Lauffer . Insect viruses. Advances in Virus Research. 1953. 1: N.Y.: Academic Press. p. 91-139. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60463-7 [CrossRef]

[19.] Bergold G., Brill R. Spreitungsversuche mit Insektenviren. Kolloid Ztschr. 1942. 99:1-6. DOI: 10.1007/BF01496993 [CrossRef]

[20.] Bergold G., Friedrich-Freksa H. Zur Grösse und Serologie des Bombyx-mori-Polyedervirus. Ztschr. Naturforsch. 1947. 2b:410-11.

[21.] Bergold G., Hengstenberg J. Ultrazentrifugenversuche mit Insektenviren. Kolloid Ztschr. 1942. 98:304-11. DOI: 10.1007/BF01496524 [CrossRef]

[22.] Bergold G., McGugan B. M. Virus diseases of the forest tent caterpillar. Canada Dept. Agr., Forest Insect Invest. Bi-monthly Prog. Rpt. 1951. 7(1):2-3.

[23.] Bergold G. H., Wellington E. F. Isolation and chemical composition of the membranes of an insect virus and their relation to the virus and polyhedral bodies. Jour. Bact. 1954. 67:210-16.

[24.] Bird F. T. Control effects of the polyhedral disease of the spruce sawfly. Canada Dept. Agr., Forest Insect Invest. Bi-monthly Prog. Rpt. 1947. 4(2):1

[25.] Bird F. T. Tumors associated with a virus infection in an insect. Nature. 1949. 163:777

[26.] Bird F. T. On the multiplication of an insect virus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1952. 8:360-68. DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(52)90059-0 [CrossRef]

[27.] Bird F. T. The effect of metamorphosis on the multiplication of an insect virus. Canad. Jour. Zool. 1953. 31:300-03. DOI: 10.1139/z53-023 [CrossRef]

[28.] Bird F. T. The use of a virus disease in the biological control of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.). Canad. Ent. 1953. 85:437-46.

[29.] Bird F. T. Virus diseases of sawflies. Canad. Ent. 1955. 87:124-27. DOI: 10.4039/Ent87124-3 [CrossRef]

[30.] Bird F. T., Whalen M. M. A virus disease of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.). Canad. Ent. 1953. 85:433-37.

[31.] Bird F. T., Whalen M. M. A nuclear and a cytoplasmic polyhedral virus disease of the spruce budworm. Canad. Jour. Zool. 1954. 32:82-86. DOI: 10.1139/z54-010 [CrossRef]

[32.] Bird F. T., Whalen M. M. Stages in the development of two insect viruses. Canad. Jour. Microbiol. 1954. 1:170-74. DOI: 10.1139/m55-022 [CrossRef]

[33.] Blanchard R. A., Conger C. B. Notes on Prodenia praefica Grote. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1932. 25:1059-70.

[34.] Böhm L. K. Ueber die Polyederkrankheit der Sphingiden. Zool. Anz. 1910. 35:677-82.

[35.] Bolle J. Il giallume od il mal del grasso del baco da seta. Comunicazione preliminare. Atti e Mem. dell’I. R. Soc. Agr. Gorizia. 1894. 34:133-36.

[36.] Bolle J. Der Seidenbau in Japan, nebst einem Anhang: die Gelboder Fettsucht der Seidenraupe, eine parasitäre Krankheit. 1898. Budapest, Wien, und Leipzig: A. Hartleben. 141p.

[37.] Brauns A. Das Auftreten von Polyedrose bei einer Forstinsektenart im Winterlager. NachrBl. dtsch. PflSchDienst, Stuttgart. 1951. 3:58-59.

[38.] Breindl V., Komárek J. Zur Aetiologie der Wipfelkrankheit (Polyedrie) der Nonne (Lymantria monacha). Sitzungsberichten kön böhm. Ges. Wiss. f. d. J. 1923. 2:20 1921-1922.

[39.] Breny R. Polyédrose chez Neopridion sertifer Geoffr. Parasitica. 1951. 7:118-24.

[40.] Brown F. M. Bacterial wilt disease. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1930. 23:145-46.

[41.] Burnside C. E. Preliminary observations on “paralysis” of honeybees. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1933. 26:162-68.

[42.] Burnside C. E. The cause of paralysis of honeybees. Amer. Bee Jour. 1945. 85:354-55. 363.

[43.] Butler C. G. Bee paralysis, May-sickness, et cetera. Bee World. Jan. 1943. p.1943.

[44.] Caresche L. Une Noctuelle polyphage, Prodenia litura Fab. Bul. Econ. Indochine. 1937. 40:517-37.

[45.] Carroll W. J. History of the hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Newfoundland, and notes on its biology. Canad. Ent. 1956. 88:587-99.

[46.] Cartwright W. B., Blanchard R. A., Wilson C. C. Notes for 1932 on cereal and forage insects in California. California Dept. Agr., Monthly Bul. 1933. 22:156-60.

[47.] Chapman J. W., Glaser R. W. A preliminary list of insects which have wilt, with a comparative study of their polyhedra. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1915. 8:140-50.

[48.] Chapman J. W., Glaser R. W. Further studies on wilt of gipsy moth caterpillars. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1916. 9:149-67.

[49.] Clark E. C. Observations on the ecology of a polyhedrosis of the Great Basin tent caterpillar Malacosoma fragilis. Ecology. 1955. 36:373-76.

[50.] Clark E. C. Survival and transmission of a virus causing polyhedrosis in Malacosoma fragile. Ecology. 1956. 37:728-32.

[51.] Clark E. C., Reiner C. E. The possible use of a polyhedrosis virus in the control of the Great Basin tent caterpillar. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1956. 49:653-9.

[52.] Clark E. C., Reiner C. E. The availability of certain proprietary adjuvants for use with the polyhedrosis viruses of insects. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1956. 49:703-4.

[53.] Clark E. C., Thompson C. G. The possible use of microorganisms in the control of the Great Basin tent caterpillar. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1954. 47:268-72.

[54.] Collier W. A. Ueber Polyeder-Virus bei Argynnis lathonia L. Ent. Beihefte Berlin. 1934. 1:56-57.

[55.] Collins C. W. Observations on a recurring outbreak of Heterocampa guttivitta Walker and natural enemies controlling it. Jour. Agr. Res. 1926. 32:689-99.

[56.] Conte A., Levrat D. Les maladies du ver à soie. I. La grasserie. Trav. Lab. étude soie Lyon. 1909. 13:41-60. II. La muscardine. Trav. Lab. étude soie Lyon 13 61-72.

[57.] Daviault L. L. La mouche a scie Européenne de l’epinette dans les for?ts du nord du St Laurent. La For?t Québeçoise. 1941. 3:12-16.

[58.] Davis C. J. Some recent lepidopterous outbreaks on the island of Hawaii. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. Proc. 1955. 15:401-3.

[59.] Day M. F., Common I. F. B., Farrant J. L., Potter C. A polyhedral virus disease of a pasture caterpillar, Pterolocera amplicornis Walker (Anthelidae). Austral. Jour. Biol. Sci. 1953. 6:574-79.

[60.] Dean G. A., Smith R. C. Insects injurious to alfalfa in Kansas. Kansas State Bd. Agr. 20th Bienn. Rpt. 1935. pp.202-49.

[61.] Del Guercio G. Il male del giallume (o dei microbi poliedrici) negli allevamenti dei filugelli, negli insetti delle piante forestali ed agrarie e nelle zanzare della malaria. Redia. 1929. 17:1-296. 313-15.

[62.] Desnuelle P., Chang C. T. Sur la protéine du virus de la grasserie du ver à soie. II. Répartition du soufre et teneur en alanine. Ann. Inst. Pasteur [Paris]. 1943. 69:75-86. 248-50.

[63.] Desnuelle P., Chang C. T. Sur la protéine de la grasserie du ver à soie. III. Étude de certains de ses groupements libres. Ann. Inst. Pasteur [Paris]. 1945. 71:264-72.

[64.] Desnuelle P., Chang C. T., Fromageot C. Sur la protéine du virus de la maladie à polyèdres (grasserie) du ver à soie. Ann. Inst. Pasteur [Paris]. 1943. 69:75-86.

[65.] Dikasova E. T. The nature of the polyhedra of the jaundice of the silkworm. Bul. Expt. Biol. Med. 1942. 13:101 [In Russian]

[66.] Doeksen J. De tarwegalmuggen Contarinia tritici Kirby en Sitodiplosis mosellana Gehin (Diptera; Cecidomyidae) in Nederland. Versl. Technol. Tarwe. Comm. 1938. 12:237-96.

[67.] Dowden P. B. Larval disease prevalent in heavy infestations of the European spruce sawfly in southern New Hampshire and Vermont. Jour. Forestry. 1940. 38:971-72.

[68.] Drilhon A., Busnel R.-G., Vago C. Les acides aminés libres et les substances fluorescentes du sang, et des tubes de Malpighi, de la chenille de Bombyx mori L., atteinte de la maladie à polyèdres et de la flacherie. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 1951. 232:360

[69.] Dudgeon G. C. A proposed method of controlling the ravages of leaf-eating caterpillars. Bul. Ent. Res. 1913. 4:243-45. DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300043145 [CrossRef]

[70.] Eckert J. E., Bess H. A. Fundamentals of beekeeping in Hawaii. Univ. Hawaii Ext. Bul. 1952. 55:59

[71.] Escherich K., Miyajima M. Studien über die Wipfelkrankheit der Nonne. Naturwiss. Ztschr. Forst- u. Landw. 1911. 9:381-402.

[72.] Escherich K., Miyajima M. Studien über die Wipfelkrankheit der Nonne. Biol. Centr. 1912. 32:111-29.

[73.] Evenden J., Jost E. J. A report of the tussock moth control, North Idaho, 1947. 1947. U. S. Dept. Agr., Forestry Serv., Idaho State Forestry Dept. 51p.

[74.] Fischer E. Über die Ursachen der Disposition und über Frühsymptome der Raupenkrankheiten. Biol. Centr. 1906. 26:448-63. 534-44.

[75.] Fischer E. Über die Ursachen und Symptome der Flacherie und Polyederkrankheit der Raupen. Biol. Centr. 1914. 34:357-71.

[76.] Fischer E. Die Wipfelkrankheit der Nonne und der Erreger derselben. Nach Dr. J. Komarek und Dr. V. Breindl. Entomol. Ztschr., Frankfurt a. M. 1925. 39(19):11

[77.] Franz J. Virosen von Forstinsekten in Europa. Entomophaga. 1956. 1:104-5. DOI: 10.1007/BF02377893 [CrossRef]

[78.] Furniss R. L. Insects attacking forest products and shade trees in Washington and Oregon in 1937. Proc. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia. 1939. 35:5-8.

[79.] Glaser R. W. Wilt of gipsy moth caterpillars. Jour. Agr. Res. 1915. 4:101-28.

[80.] Glaser R. W. The polyhedral virus of insects with a theoretical consideration of filterable viruses generally. Science. 1918. 48:301-02. DOI: 10.1126/science.48.1238.301 [CrossRef]

[81.] Glaser R. W. Studies on the polyhedral disease of insects due to filterable viruses. Ann. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1927. 20:319-42.

[82.] Glaser R. W., Chapman J. W. The wilt disease of gipsy moth caterpillars. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1913. 6:479-88.

[83.] Glaser R. W., Chapman J. W. The nature of the polyhedral bodies found in insects. Biol. Bul. 1916. 30:367-91. DOI: 10.2307/1536363 [CrossRef]

[84.] Glaser R. W., Lacaillade C. W. Relation of the virus and the inclusion bodies of silkworm “jaundice”. Amer. Jour. Hyg. 1934. 20:454-64.

[85.] Glaser R. W., Stanley W. M. Biochemical studies on the virus and the inclusion bodies of silkworm jaundice. Jour. Expt. Med. 1943. 77:451-66. DOI: 10.1084/jem.77.5.451 [CrossRef]

[86.] Graham K. Studies on the spruce budworm in Ontario. Canada Dept. Agr., Forest Insect Invest. Bi-monthly Prog. Rpt. 1947. 3(2):3

[87.] Graham K. Insect pathology. Canada Dept. Agr., Forest Insect Invest. Bi-monthly Prog. Rpt. 1948. 4(3):2 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-80570-7_8 [CrossRef]

[88.] Graham K. Notes on a polyhedral disease of black-headed budworm. Canad. Ent. 1954. 86:546-48. DOI: 10.4039/Ent86546-12 [CrossRef]

[89.] Grégoire C. Virus-like bodies in the blood of the house cricket. Jour. Gen. Microbiol. 1951. 5:121-23.

[90.] Hall I. M. The role of virus diseases in the control of the alfalfa looper. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1953. 46:1110-11.

[91.] Harrison J. W. H. An occurrence of polyhedral disease in Chimabache fagella F. (Lep: Oecophoridae). Ent. Monthly Mag. 1945. 81:77

[92.] Hasegawa K., Koyama R. Forest insects’ pathogens in Japan (epizootic) 1956. p.3. 12th Congress, International Union of Forest Research Organizations, Oxford. Mimeograph, p.

[93.] Heidenreich E. Die Polyederkrankheit der Nonne. Arch. Ges. Virusf. 1940. 1:582 DOI: 10.1007/BF01258421 [CrossRef]

[94.] Hetrick L. A. Life history studies of Neodiprion americanum (Leach). Jour. Econ. Ent. 1941. 34:373-77.

[95.] Holdaway F. G., Lucas E. Biological control of cabbage worm. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 1941. 1940:41-2.

[96.] Holmes F. O. Order Virales, the filterable viruses. Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology. 1948. 6th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. 1529p.

[97.] Howard L. O., Fiske W. F. The importation into the United States of the parasites of the gipsy moth and the brown-tailed moth. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bul. 1911. 91:108 DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.65198 [CrossRef]

[98.] Hughes K. M. A demonstration of the nature of polyhedra using alkaline solutions. Jour. Bact. 1950. 59:189-95.

[99.] Hughes K. M. Development of the inclusion bodies of a granulosis virus. Jour. Bact. 1952. 64:375-80.

[100.] Hughes K. M. The development of an insect virus within cells of its host. Hilgardia. 1953. 22(12):391-406. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v22n12p391 [CrossRef]

[101.] Hughes K. M., Thompson C. G. A granulosis of the omnivorous looper, Sabulodes caberata Guenée. Jour. Infect. Diseases. 1951. 89:173-79.

[102.] Husson R. Cas de polyédrose chez le Géométride Ennomos quercinaria Hufn et considérations générales sur les polyédroses. Rev. Pathol. Végétale Ent. Agr. [France]. 1954. 33:208-21.

[103.] Hyslop J. A. The alfalfa looper. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bul. 1912. 95:109-18.

[104.] Illingworth J. F. Entomological program. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. Proc. 1917. 3:275

[105.] Jahn E. Die Polyederkrankheit des grauen Lärchenwicklers Grapholitha (Semasia) diniana. Mikroskopie. 1949. 4:346-54. DOI: 10.1002/ardp.18842221611 [CrossRef]

[106.] Jahn E. Die Polyederkrankheit und andere Ursachen des Massensterbens des grauen Lärchenwicklers im Jahre 1948. XII. Sonderheft der Carinthia II. 1949. Klagenfurt: Verlag F. Leinmayer. 22p.

[107.] Jucci C. Introduzione allo studio della genetica. 1944. Milano, Italy: Editore Ulrico Hoepli. 419p.

[108.] Keck C. B. Presidential address: observations on beekeeping in Hawaii. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. Proc. 1937. 9:461-7.

[109.] King C. B. R. Report of the entomologist (for 1930). Ceylon Tea Res. Inst. Bul. 1931. 5:17-20.

[110.] King K. M., Atkinson N. J. The biological control factors of the immature stages of Euxoa ochrogaster Gn. (Lep.: Phalaenidae) in Saskatchewan. Ann. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1928. 21:167-88.

[111.] Komárek J., Breindl V. Die Wipfel-Krankheit der Nonne und der Erreger derselben. Ztschr. Angew. Ent. 1924. 10:99-162.

[112.] Krausse A. Ueber Dasychira pudibunda L., bei Eberswald 1918. Ztschr. Forst- u. Jagdw. 1919. 51:445-47.

[113.] Krieg A., Langenbuch R. Ueber einige neue Insekten-Virosen. Entomophaga. 1956. 1:92-3.

[114.] Krieg A., Langenbuch R. Eine Polyedrose von Aporia crataegi L. (Lepidoptera). 1. Mitteilung. Z. für Pflanzenkrankh. (Pflanzenpathol.) und Pflanzenschutz. 1956. 63:95-9.

[115.] Langenbuch R. Eine verbesserte und zeitsparende Methode zur Färbung von Viruseinschlusskörpern (Polyedern) in Schnittpräparaten mit Eisenhämatoxylin. Mikroskopie. 1956. 10:344-8.

[116.] Lépine P., Vago C., Croissant O. Mise en évidence au microscope electronique du virus de la polyédrie de Plusia gamma L. (Lepidoptera.) Ann. Inst. Pasteur [Paris]. 1953. 85:170

[117.] L’héritier P. H., De Scoeux F. Hugon. Transmission par greffe et injection de la sensibilité héréditaire au gaz carbonique chez la drosophile. Bull. biol. Fr. et Belg. 1947. 81:70-91.

[118.] Linnaniemi W. M., Hukkinen Y. Zur Biologie und Verbreitung der Dasychira selenitica Esp., mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihres Massenauftretens in Finnland. Acta Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica. 1921. 48:1-27.

[119.] Lothar R. Die Polyederkrankheit der Kleidermotte (Tineola biselliella). Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 1941. 18:372-73.

[120.] Lounsbury C. P. Locust bacterial disease. Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa. 1913. 5:448-52.

[121.] Lower H. F. A granulosis virus attacking the larvae of Persectania ewingii Westw. (Lepidoptera: Agrotidae) in South Australia. Australian Jour. Biol. Sci. 1954. 7:161-67.

[122.] Mally C. W. Cutworms. Agr. Jour. Cape of Good Hope. 1908. 33:628-35.

[123.] Martelli G. M. Contributo alla conoscenza dell’ Aporia crataegi Le di alcuni suoi parassiti ed epiparassiti. Bol. Lab. Zool. Portici. 1931. 25:171-241.

[124.] Martignoni M. E. Über zwei Viruskrankheiten von Forstinsekten im Engadin. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 1954. 27:147-52.

[125.] Martignoni M. E. La patologia degli insetti. Un anno di studi all’Università di California, a Berkeley. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 1954. 27:176-81.

[126.] Martignoni M. E. Contributo alla conoscenza di una granulosi di Eucosma griseana (Hübner) (Tortricidae, Lepidoptera) quale fattore limitante il pullulamento dell’insetto nella Engadina alta. Mitt. Schweiz. Anst. forstl. Versuchsw. 1957. 32:371-418.

[127.] Michelbacher A. E., Smith R. F. Some natural factors limiting the abundance of the alfalfa butterfly. Hilgardia. 1943. 15(4):369-97. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v15n04p369 [CrossRef]

[128.] Miller D. Control of ragwort through insects. New Zealand Jour. Agr. 1929. 39:9-17. also in New Zealand Jour. Sci. and Technol. 11 112-19.

[129.] Morgan C., Bergold G. H., Moore D. H., Rose H. M. The macromolecular paracrystalline lattice of insect viral polyhedral bodies demonstrated in ultrathin sections examined in the electron microscope. Jour. Biophys. Biochem. Cytology. 1955. 1:187-90. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.1.3.187 [CrossRef]

[130.] Paillot A. Sur l’étiologie et l’épidémiologie de la grasserie du ver à soie. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris]. 1924. 179:229

[131.] Paillot A. Sur une nouvelle maladie des chenilles de Pieris brassicae et sur les maladies du noyau chez les insectes. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris]. 1924. 179:1353-56.

[132.] Paillot A. Contribution à l’étude des maladies à virus filtrant chez les insectes. Un nouveau groupe de parasites ultramicrobiens: les Borrellina. Ann. Inst. Pasteur [Paris]. 1926. 40:314-52.

[133.] Paillot A. Sur une nouvelle maladie du noyau ou grasserie des chenilles de Pieris brassicae et un nouveau groupe de microorganismes parasites. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris]. 1926. 182:180-82.

[134.] Paillot A. Sur l’étiologie et l’épidémiologie de la gattine du ver à soie ou “maladie des t?tes claires”. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris]. 1926. 183:251

[135.] Paillot A. Influence des infections microbiennes secondaires sur le développement des ultravirus chez le Bombyx du murier. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 1930. 104:585-86.

[136.] Paillot A. Traité des maladies du ver à soie. 1930. Paris: G. Doin et Cie. 279p.

[137.] Paillot A. Un nouveau type de maladie à ultravirus chez les insectes. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris]. 1934. 198:204-05.

[138.] Paillot A. Nouvel ultravirus parasite d’Agrotis segetum provoquant une prolifération des tissues infectés. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris]. 1935. 201:1062-64.

[139.] Paillot A. Sur une nouvelle maladie à ultravirus (maladie à polyèdres) des chenilles de Vanessa urticae L. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris]. 1935. 201:624

[140.] Paillot A. Contribution à l’étude des maladies à ultravirus des insectes. Ann. Épiphyt. Phytogénét. 1936. 2:341-79.

[141.] Paillot A. Nouveau type de pseudo-grasserie observé chez les chenilles d’Euxoa segetum. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris]. 1937. 205:1264-66.

[142.] Paillot A. Les travaux de Pasteur sur la flacherie, et les théories modernes sur la pathologie du tube intestinal du Bombyx du murier. Ann. Épiphyt. 1941. 7:99-117.

[143.] Paillot A., Levaditi Lépine, Verge . Ultravirus des insectes. Les ultravirus des maladies animales. 1943. Paris: Librarie Maloine. p. 1177-91.

[144.] Paillot A., Gratia A. Essai d’ isolement du virus de la grasserie des vers à soie par l’ultracentrifugation. Arch. Ges. Virusf. 1939. 1:120-29.

[145.] Peirson H. B. Control work on European spruce sawfly in 1940 1941. p.10. 23d Bienn. Rpt. Forest. Comm., Augusta, Maine.

[146.] Peirson H. B. Control work on European spruce sawfly in 1941 1942. p.11. 24th Bienn. Rpt. Forest. Comm., Augusta, Maine.

[147.] Pemberton C. E. The control of the grass armyworm, Laphygma exempta (Walker), in Hawaii by parasites. Hawaii. Planters’ Record. 1948. 52:181-200.

[148.] Plus N. Etude de la multiplication du virus de la sensibilité au gas carbonique chez la drosophile. Bull. biol. Fr. et Belg. 1954. 88:248-93.

[149.] Von Prowazek S. Chlamydozoa. II. Gelbsucht der Seidenraupen. Arch. Protistenk. 1907. 10:358-64.

[150.] Reeks W. A. The forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.). Canada Dept. Agr. Forest Insect Invest. Bi-monthly Prog. Rpt. 1946. 2(5):1

[151.] Rennie J. Polyhedral disease in Tipula paludosa (Meigen). Proc. Roy. Physiol. Soc. 1923. 20:265-67.

[152.] Bos J. Ritzema. De gestreepte Dennenrups (Trachea piniperda, Panz.—Panolis grisovariegata, Goeze). Tydschr. Plantenz. 1920. 26:28-60. 71-104; 113-15.

[153.] Roegner-Aust S. Der Infektionsweg bei der Polyederepidemie der Nonne. Ztschr. Angew. Ent. 1949. 31:1-37.

[154.] Röhrig E. Die Lärchengespinstblattwespe Cephaleia alpina Klug. Ztschr. Angew. Ent. 1954. 35:207-46.

[154a.] Schimitscek E. Ueber die Polyederkrankheit der Fichtengespinstblattwespe Lyda hypotrophica Htg. (Cephaleia abietis L.). Mitt. forstl. Bundes-Versuchsanstalt Mariabrunn. 1951. 47:70-3.

[155.] Schoene W. J., Sibold N. V. A virus disease of the red-banded leaf roller. Virginia Fruit. 1951. 39:21-22.

[156.] Schwetzowa O. I. The polyhedrosis of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella L.) and the role of nutrition in the virus diseases of insects. Mikrobiologja. 1950. 19:532-42. [In Russian.]

[157.] Sibold N. V. Granulosis of the red-banded leaf roller. Virginia Jour. Sci. 1950. 1:266

[158.] Silkregg E. R., Siegler E. H. Life history of the codling moth in Delaware. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 1928. 42:60

[159.] Simmonds F. J. Observations on the parasites of Cydia pomonella Lin southern France. Sci. Agr. 1944. 25:1-30.

[160.] Sitowski L. Strzygonia choin’owka (Panolis flammea Schiff.) i jej pasorzyty na ziemiach polskich. Csesc II. Rocz. Nauk Rolniczych. 1924. 12:18

[161.] Smee C. Further observations on the gelatine grub of tea (Niphadolepis alianta Karsch). Nyasaland Tea Assoc. Quart. Jour. 1940. 5:10-13.

[162.] Smit B. The insect pests of lucerne in South Africa. Union So. Africa Dept. Forest. Bul. 1936. 170:84-88.

[163.] Smith K. M. The polyhedral viruses. Sci. Prog. 1953. 163:411-17. DOI: 10.1038/170492a0 [CrossRef]

[164.] Smith K. M. Some aspects of the behaviour of certain viruses in their hosts, and of their development in the cell. Proc. Roy. Soc. 1954. 142:196-207. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1954.0021 [CrossRef]

[165.] Smith K. M. Intranuclear changes in the polyhedrosis of Tipula paludosa (Diptera). Nature. 1955. 176:255 DOI: 10.5840/acpaproc1951252 [CrossRef]

[166.] Smith K. M. Insect viruses. Research. 1955. 8:380-84. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.en.01.010156.001503 [CrossRef]

[167.] Smith K. M. Intranuclear changes in the polyhedrosis of Tipula paludosa (Meig.). Parasitology. 1955. 45:482-87.

[168.] Smith K. M., Rivers C. F. Some viruses affecting insects of economic importance. Parasitology. 1956. 46:235-42. DOI: 10.1017/S0031182000026470 [CrossRef]

[169.] Smith K. M., Wyckoff R. W. G. Structure within polyhedra associated with insect virus diseases. Nature. 1950. 166:861-62. DOI: 10.1038/166861a0 [CrossRef]

[170.] Smith K. M., Wyckoff R. W. G. Electron microscopy of insect viruses. Research. 1951. 4:148-55. DOI: 10.3181/00379727-130-33731 [CrossRef]

[171.] Smith K. M., Xeros N. Transmission of polyhedral viruses between different insect species. Nature. 1952. 170:492 DOI: 10.1038/170492a0 [CrossRef]

[172.] Smith K. M., Xeros N. Studies on the cross-transmission of polyhedral viruses: Experiments with a new virus from Pyrameis cardui, the painted lady butterfly. Parasitology. 1953. 43:178-85.

[173.] Smith K. M., Xeros N. Development of virus in the cell nucleus. Nature. 1953. 172:670-71. DOI: 10.1038/172670a0 [CrossRef]

[174.] Smith K. M., Xeros N. Electron and light microscope studies of the development of the virus rods of insect polyhedroses. Parasitology. 1954. 44:71-80. DOI: 10.1017/S0031182000018795 [CrossRef]

[175.] Smith K. M., Xeros N. A comparative study of different types of viruses and their capsules in the polyhedroses and granuloses of insects. Parasitology. 1954. 44:400-06. DOI: 10.1017/S0031182000019065 [CrossRef]

[176.] Smith K. M., Xeros N. An unusual virus disease of a dipterous larva. Nature. 1954. 173:866 DOI: 10.1038/173866a0 [CrossRef]

[177.] Smith K. M., Wyckoff R. W. G., Xeros N. Polyhedral virus diseases affecting the larvae of the privet hawk moth (Sphinx ligustri). Parasitology. 1953. 42:287-89.

[178.] Smith O. J., Hughes K. M., Dunn P. H., Hall I. M. A granulosis virus disease of the western grape leaf skeletonizer and its transmission. Canad. Ent. 1956. 88:507-15. DOI: 10.4039/Ent88507-8 [CrossRef]

[179.] Smith R. F. Manual of supervised control. Insects attacking alfalfa in California. 1948. Univ. California, Div. Ent. and Parasitol. (Mimeo.)

[180.] Stahler N. A disease of the corn ear worm, Heliothis obsoleta (F.). Jour. Econ. Ent. 1939. 32:151

[181.] Steinhaus E. A. Insect pathology and biological control. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1945. 38:591-96.

[182.] Steinhaus E. A. Insect microbiology. 1946. Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publishing Company. 763p. DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(67)90148-6 [CrossRef]

[183.] Steinhaus E. A. A new disease of the variegated cutworm, Peridroma margaritosa (Haw.). Science. 1947. 106:323

[184.] Steinhaus E. A. Polyhedrosis (“wilt disease”) of the alfalfa caterpillar. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1948. 41:859-65.

[185.] Steinhaus E. A. Principles of insect pathology. 1949. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 757p. DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(67)90149-8 [CrossRef]

[186.] Steinhaus E. A. Nomenclature and classification of insect viruses. Bacteriological Revs. 1949. 3:203-23.

[187.] Steinhaus E. A. Report on diagnoses of diseased insects 1944-1950. Hilgardia. 1951. 20(22):629-78. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v20n22p629 [CrossRef]

[188.] Steinhaus E. A. The susceptibility of two species of Colias to the same virus. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1952. 45:897

[189.] Steinhaus E. A. Infectious diseases of insects. Yearbook of Agriculture 1952. pp.388-94.

[190.] Steinhaus E. A. Taxonomy of insect viruses. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1953. 56:517-37. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1953.tb30242.x [CrossRef]

[191.] Steinhaus E. A. Duration of infectivity of the virus of silkworm jaundice. Science. 1954. 120:186-7. DOI: 10.1126/science.120.3109.186 [CrossRef]

[191a.] Steinhaus E. A. The effects of disease on insect populations. Hilgardia. 1954. 23(9):197-261. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v23n09p197 [CrossRef]

[191b.] Steinhaus E. A. Living insecticides. Scientific American. 1956. 195:96-104. DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican0856-96 [CrossRef]

[191c.] Steinhaus E. A. Potentialities for microbial control of insects. Jour. Agr. and Food Chemistry. 1956. 4:676-80.

[191d.] Steinhaus E. A. Microbial control—the emergence of an idea. Hilgardia. 1956. 26(2):107-60. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v26n02p107 [CrossRef]

[192.] Steinhaus E. A. New records of insect-virus diseases. Hilgardia. 1957. 26(7):417-30. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v26n07p417 [CrossRef]

[193.] Steinhaus E. A., Hughes K. M. A granulosis of the western grape leaf skeletonizer. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1952. 45:744-45.

[194.] Steinhaus E. A., Thompson C. G. Granulosis disease in the buckeye caterpillar, Junonia coenia Hübner. Science. 1949. 110:276-78.

[195.] Steinhaus E. A., Hughes K. M., Wasser H. B. Demonstration of the granulosis virus of the variegated cutworm. Jour. Bact. 1949. 57:219-24.

[196.] Stockdale F. A. Two insect pests of tea in Ceylon. Trop. Agr. [Ceylon]. 1920. 55:276-79.

[197.] Stultz H. T. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia. VIII. Natural enemies of the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. &; S.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Canad. Ent. 1955. 87:79-85.

[198.] Sweetman H. L. The biological control of insects. 1936. Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publishing Company. 461p. DOI: 10.1017/S0007485300036701 [CrossRef]

[199.] Tanada Y. Description and characteristics of a granulosis virus of the imported cabbageworm. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. Proc. 1953. 15:235-60.

[200.] Tanada Y. A polyhedrosis virus of the imported cabbageworm and its relation to a polyhedrosis virus of the alfalfa caterpillar. Amer. Ent. Soc. Ann. 1954. 47:553-74.

[201.] Tanada Y. Virus diseases of army worm. Hawaii Farm Sci. 1955. 4(1):5

[202.] Tanada Y. Notes and exhibitions. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. Proc. 1955. 15:377

[203.] Tanada Y. An annotated list of infectious diseases of insects in Hawaii. Part II. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. Proc. 1956. 16:149-55.

[204.] Tanada Y. Size of a granulosis virus of Pieris rapae (L.). Hawaii. Ent. Soc. Proc. 1956. 16:156-7.

[205.] Tanada Y. Microbial control of some lepidopterous pests of crucifers. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1956. 49:320-9.

[206.] Tanada Y. Some factors affecting the susceptibility of the armyworm to virus infections. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1956. 49:52-7.

[207.] Tanada Y. Probable origin and dissemination of a polyhedrosis virus of an armyworm in Hawaii. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1957. 50: [In Press.]

[208.] Tanada Y. (In press.) An annotated list of infectious diseases of insects in Hawaii. Eighth Pacific Science Congress.

[209.] Thompson C. G. A granulosis of the imported cabbageworm. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1951. 44:255

[210.] Thompson C. G. Field tests during 1950 using a polyhedrosis virus to control the alfalfa caterpillar. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1951. 44:255-56.

[211.] Thompson C. G., Steinhaus E. A. Further tests using a polyhedrosis virus to control the alfalfa caterpillar. Hilgardia. 1950. 19(14):411-45. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v19n14p411 [CrossRef]

[212.] Tooke F. G. C. Investigations on the biology of Euproctis terminalis, Walk., the pine brown tail moth and its control by aeroplane and ground dusting. Dept. Agr. S. Africa [Pretoria] Sci. Bul. 1938. 179:1-48.

[213.] Tooke F. G. C., Hubbard C. S. The pine tree emperor moth Nudaurelia cytherea capensis, Stoll. A survey and examination of the measures employed in its control. Dept. Agr., S. Africa [Pretoria] Sci. Bul. 1941. 210:1-57.

[214.] Trager W. Cultivation of the virus of grasserie in silkworm tissue cultures. Jour. Expt. Med. 1935. 61:501-13. DOI: 10.1084/jem.61.4.501 [CrossRef]

[215.] Tsujita M. Cytoplasmic polyhedral virus infecting the silkworm. Japan Acad. Proc. 1955. 31:93-98.

[216.] Vago C. La polyédrie de Thaumotopoea pityocampa. INRA Ann. 1953. 3:319-32.

[217.] Vago C. Sur une virose du type “Polyédrie” particulière à la processionnaire du ch?ne: “Thaumetopoea processionea L.” Lepidoptera. Rev. Forestière Française. 1953. 10:654-56.

[218.] Vago C. Enchaînement d’une virose et d’une septicémie bactérienne chez les larves de Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. Soc. de Biol. [Paris] Compt. Rend. 1954. 148:1993

[219.] Vago C., Lépine P., Croissant O. Mise en évidence du virus de la “granulose” (Pseudograsserie) de Pieris brassicae L. Ann. Inst. Pasteur. 1955. 89:458-60.

[220.] Vago C., Vasiljevic L. Détection d’une maladie à virus parmi les populations européennes de l’écaille fileuse (Hyphantria cunea Drury Lepidoptera) actuellement en progression. C. R. Acad. Agric. France. 1953. 39:735-6.

[221.] Vago C., Vasiljevic L. Une virose à localisation intestinale avec affinité cytoplasmique chez le lépidoptère Thaumatopoea processionea. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 1955. 21:210-4.

[222.] Valadares M. Ricerche sulla poliedria di un baco da seta: Attacus ricini. Rend. Istituto Lombardo Scienze e Lettere. 1941. 74:138-42.

[223.] Wahl B. Über die Polyederkrankheit der Nonne (Lymantria monacha L.). Ztschr. Ges. Forstw. 1909. 35:164-72. 212-15.

[224.] Wahl B. Über die Polyederkrankheit der Nonne (Lymantria monacha L.). Ztschr. Ges. Forstw. 1910. 36:377-97.

[225.] Wahl B. Über die Polyederkrankheit der Nonne (Lymantria monacha L.). Ztschr. Ges. Forstw. 1911. 37:247-68.

[226.] Wahl B. Über die Polyederkrankheit der Nonne (Lymantria monacha L.). Ztschr. Ges. Forstw. 1912. 38:355-78.

[227.] Walkden H. H. Notes on the life history of the bronzed cutworm in Kansas. Kansas Ent. Soc. Jour. 1937. 10:52-59.

[228.] Wasser H. B. Demonstration of a new insect virus not associated with inclusion bodies. Jour. Bact. 1952. 64:787-92.

[229.] Wasser H. B., Steinhaus E. A. Isolation of a virus causing granulosis in the red-banded leaf roller. Virginia Jour. Sci. 1951. 2:91-93.

[230.] Weiser J. Zwei interessante Erkrankungen bei Insekten. Experientia. 1948. 4:317

[231.] Weiser J. K poznání nemoeí šk?dc? dubu na jižni Morav?. Ceskoslovenská parasitologie. 1956. 3:203-9.

[232.] Weiser J. Die Krankheiten des Tannentriebwicklers, Cacoecia murinana Hb in der Mittelslowakei (?SR). Ztschr. f. Pflanzenkrank. (Pflanzenpathologie) und Pflanzenschutz. 1956. 63:193-7.

[233.] Weiser J., Ludvik J., Veber J. Polyedrie bekyné vrbové (Stilpnotia salicis L., Lepidoptera). Zool. Ent. Listy. 1954. 3:238-41.

[234.] Wellington E. F. Amino acids of two insect viruses. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1951. 7:238-43. DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(51)90022-4 [CrossRef]

[235.] White G. F. Sacbrood, a disease of bees. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Cir. 1913. 169:1-5. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.56965 [CrossRef]

[236.] White G. F. Sacbrood. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1917. 431:1-54. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.54400 [CrossRef]

[237.] Wildermuth V. L. The alfalfa caterpillar (Eurymus eurytheme Boisd.). U. S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 1911. 133:1-14.

[238.] Wildermuth V. L. The alfalfa caterpillar. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1914. 124:1-40. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.63458 [CrossRef]

[239.] Williams F. X. The Kamehameha butterfly, Vanessa tammeamea Esch. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. Proc. 1928. 7:164-69.

[240.] Williams F. X. The insects and other invertebrates of Hawaiian sugar cane fields. 1931. Honolulu: Hawaii. Sugar Planters’ Assoc. Exp. Sta. 400p.

[241.] Wolff M. Ueber eine neue Krankheit der Raupe von Bupalus piniarius L. Mitt. Kaiser-Wilhelm Inst. Landw. Bromberg. 1910. 3:69-92.

[242.] Wyatt G. R. The nucleic acids of some insect viruses. Jour. Gen. Physiol. 1952. 36:201-05. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.36.2.201 [CrossRef]

[243.] Wygant N. D. An infestation of the pandora moth, Coloradia pandora Blake, in lodgepole pine in Colorado. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1941. 34:697-702.

[244.] Xeros N. Cytoplasmic polyhedral virus diseases. Nature. 1952. 170:1073 DOI: 10.1038/1701073a0 [CrossRef]

[245.] Xeros N. A second virus disease of the leather jacket, Tipula paludosa. Nature. 1954. 174:562

[246.] Xeros N. Origin of the virus-producing chromatic mass or net of the insect nuclear polyhedroses. Nature. 1955. 175:588 DOI: 10.1038/175588a0 [CrossRef]

[247.] Yagi Y., Iwasaki T., Kato S. Recherches chimiques sur le polyèdre du ver à soie (Bombyx mori L.) atteint de la grasserie. Rev. du ver à soie. 1951. 3:259-64.

[248.] Yamafuji K., Akita T. Virus formation in silkworm pupae. Enzymologia. 1951. 15:14-16.

[249.] Yamafuji K., Omura H. Formation of polyhedra and metabolism of insect. Kyushu Univ. Agr. Tech. Rpt. 1953. 11:1-4.

[250.] Yamafuji K., Yoshihara I. Procedures for the chemical production of silkworm virus. Enzymologia. 1951. 15:10-13.

[251.] Yamafuji K., Omura H., Yoshihara F. Effect of chemicals on the virus infection in silkworms. Enzymologia. 1951. 15:28-30.

[252.] Yamafuji K., Tokuyasu K., Wada K. Electron micrography of polyhedra from silkworms. Enzymologia. 1951. 15:31-32.

[253.] Yamafuji K., Yoshihara I., Omura H. Experimental virus production in a Canadian strain of silkworm. Enzymologia. 1952. 15:182-86.

[254.] Zhdanov V. M. Determination of viruses in man and animals. 1953. Moscow: Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. 348p. [In Russian.]

[255.] Zwölfer W. Eine Polyederseuche als Ursache des Erloschens einer lokalen Goldafterkalamität. Die Kranke Pflanze. 1925. 2:239-40.

Hughes K. 1957. An annotated list and bibliography of insects reported to have virus diseases. Hilgardia 26(14):597-629. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v26n14p597
Webmaster Email: sjosterman@ucanr.edu