The development of resistance to hydrocyanic acid in certain scale insects

Quayle, H

The development of resistance to hydrocyanic acid in certain scale insects

Author

H. J. Quayle

Author Affiliations

H. J. Quayle was Professor of Entomology in the Citrus Experiment Station and Graduate School of Tropical Agriculture and Entomologist in the Experiment Station.

Publication Information

Hilgardia 11(5):183-210. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v11n05p183. May 1938.

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Abstract

Abstract does not appear. First page follows.

Introduction and Review of Literature

In 1914 Melander published an article under the title, “Can Insects Become Resistant to Sprays?” Two years later an article appeared under the title, “Are Scale Insects Becoming Resistant to Hydrocyanic Acid Fumigation?” (Quayle, 1916). Since the possibility that insects could develop a tolerance for sprays and fumigants was a new conception, the writers quoted put the titles to their first articles in the form of questions. With the accumulation of more evidence, the present writer became more confident, and six years later published an article entitled, “Resistance of Certain Scale Insects in Certain Localities to Hydrocyanic Fumigation” (Quayle, 1922); Melander, nine years after his first article appeared, published a second article entitled, “Tolerance of San Jose Scale to Sprays” (Melander, 1923).

Since that time other writers (Woglum, 1925); (Gray and Kirkpatrick, 1929, a), ^(b) have secured additional evidence on resistance in relation to fumigation; and members of the Citrus Experiment Station staff and other workers whose investigations are related to the question have secured ample evidence to support what the writer now considers a well-established fact.

There are still, however, dissenting opinions. (Moore (1933), p. 1161) states, “Under favorable conditions, there is no significant difference between the kills of ‘resistant’ and ‘nonresistant’ red scale.

Literature Cited

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Dobzhansky Theodosius. Genetics and the origin of species. 1937. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. 364p. DOI: 10.2307/1439305 [CrossRef]

Gray George P., Kirkpatrick A. F. Resistant scale insect investigations. California Citrograph. 1929a. 14(part I):308 336; (part 11)364, 380-81.

Gray George P., Kirkpatrick A. F. Resistance of the black scale, Saissetia oleae Bern., to hydrocyanic acid fumigation. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1929b. 22:893-97.

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Hough W. S. Colorado and Virginia strains of codling moth in relation to their ability to enter sprayed and unsprayed apples. Jour. Agr. Research. 1934. 48:533-53.

Melander A. L. Can insects become resistant to sprays?. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1914. 7:167-73.

Melander A. L. Varying susceptibility of the San Jose scale to sprays. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1915. 8:475-81.

Melander A. L. Tolerance of San Jose scale to sprays. Washington Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. (Technical Paper). 1923. 174:1-52.

Moore William. Studies of the “resistant” California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii Mask., in California. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1933. 26:1140-61.

Quayle H. J. Are scales becoming resistant to fumigation?. California Univ. Jour. Agr. 1916. 3:333-34. 358.

Quayle H. J. Recent fumigation developments. California Citrograph. 1920. 5:188-89. 193.

Quayle H. J. Resistance of certain scale insects in certain localities to hydrocyanic acid fumigation. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1922. 15:400-404.

Quayle H. J. Biology and control of citrus insects and mites. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1932. 542:1-87.

Quayle H. J., Ebeling Walter. Spray-fumigation treatment for resistant red scale on lemons. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1934. 583:1-22. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.59286 [CrossRef]

Woglum R. S. Observations on insects developing immunity to insecticides. Jour. Econ. Ent. 1925. 18:593-97.

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The stupefaction of red scale, Aonidiella aurantii, by hydrocyanic acid