Initial localization and subsequent spread of curly-top symptoms in the sugar beet

Esau, K

Initial localization and subsequent spread of curly-top symptoms in the sugar beet

Author

Katherine Esau

Author Affiliations

Katherine Esau was Junior Botanist in Experiment Station.

Publication Information

Hilgardia 9(8):395-436. DOI:10.3733/hilg.v09n08p395. July 1935.

PDF of full article, Cite this article

Abstract

Abstract does not appear. First page follows.

Introduction

Studies made by (Bennett (1934)) on tobacco plants affected by curly top of the sugar beet indicate that the virus causing this disease moves within the phloem tissue, spreading through this channel from the site of inoculation to other parts of the plant. If this is true, the path of the virus depends on the vascular connection between the inoculated leaf and the other organs.

According to anatomical studies on curly-top-diseased beets, the first internal and external pathologic changes are definitely localized in the plant and their position is determined by the site of inoculation. The first part of the present paper discusses this localization of symptoms.

The second part deals with the course of phloem degeneration in the root. These studies give additional information on the spread of internal symptoms and strengthen the conclusions drawn in previous papers (Esau, 1933), (1934a), and 1935), especially as regards tissue relations of the curly-top virus. The observations upon protoplast degeneration in diseased root tips contribute toward the knowledge of the role of sieve tubes on the spread of the injurious agent in curly-top infection.

A description of the structure of healthy organs and tissues furnishes a basis for interpreting the phenomena observed in diseased plants.

Material and Methods

The methods employed in preparing material for microscopic study, as well as the origin and treatment of such material prior to fixation, were essentially the same as described in an earlier publication (Esau, 1933). The plants were grown in a greenhouse and were inoculated with curly top by means of the beet leafhopper, Eutettix tenellus (Baker).

Most of the material was killed in a chromo-acetic-formalin mixture (Esau, 1933); but some root tips were treated with a mitochondrial bichromate fixative made up as follows: 1 per cent solution of potassium bichromate, 1 per cent solution of chromic acid, and commercial formalin mixed just before using in a proportion of 5:5:1.

Literature Cited

Artschwager E. F. Anatomy of the vegetative organs of the sugar beet. Jour. Agr. Research. 1926. 33:143-176.

Avery Gr. S. Jr. Structure and development of the tobacco leaf. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1933. 20:565-592.

Bennett C. W. Plant-tissue relations of the sugar-beet curly-top virus. Jour. Agr. Research. 1934. 48:665-701.

Esau K. Pathologic changes in the anatomy of leaves of the sugar beet, Beta vulgaris L affected by curly top. Phytopathology. 1933. 23:679-712.

Esau K. Cell degeneration in relation to sieve-tube differentiation in curly-top beets. A preliminary note. Phytopathology. 1934a. 24:303-305.

Esau K. Ontogeny of phloem in the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1934b. 21:632-644.

Esau K. Ontogeny of the phloem in sugar beets affected by the curly-top disease. Amer. Jour. Bot. 1935. 22:149-163.

Goldstein Bessie. A cytological study of the leaves and growing points of healthy and mosaic diseased tobacco plants. Bul. Torrey Bot. Club. 1926. 53:499-599.

Grainger J., Heafford R. M. Some effects of the ordinary tobacco mosaic upon the developmental anatomy of the host plant. Leeds Phil. and Lit. Soc. Proc. 1933. 2:406-415.

Holmes F. O. Accuracy in quantitative work with tobacco mosaic virus. Bot. Gaz. 1928. 86:66-81.

Holmes F. O. Movement of mosaic virus from primary lesions in Nicotiana tabacum L. Boyce Thompson Inst. Contrib. 1932. 4:297-322.

Livingston L. G., Duggar B. M. Experimental procedures in a study of the location and concentration within the host cell of the virus of tobacco mosaic. Biol. Bul. 1934. 67:504-512.

Seeliger D. Untersuchungen über das Dickenwachstum der Zuckerrübe (Beta vulgaris L. var. rapa Dum.). Arb. Biol. Reichsanst. Land u. Forstw. 1919. 10:149-194.

Severin H. H. P. Curly leaf transmission experiments. Phytopathology. 1924. 14:80-93.

Sheffield F. M. L. The formation of intracellular inclusions in solanaceous hosts infected with aucuba mosaic of tomato. Ann. Appl. Biol. 1931. 18:471-493.

Vries H. de. Beiträge zur speciellen Physiologie landwirtschaftlicher Culturpflanzen. VIII. Wachsthumsgeschichte der Zuckerrübe. Landw. Jahrb. 1879. 8:417-498.

Woods M. W. Intracellular bodies associated with ring-spot. Boyce Thompson Inst. Contr. 1933. 5:419-434.

Also in this issue:

Pacific coast canned fruits: Report on 1954–55 f.o.b. shipments and price relationships for canned peaches, pears, apricots, and fruit cocktail

Frost protection in almonds: Wind machine studies in 1955 frost season indicate protection in mature almond orchards below that obtained in citrus

Small-nut almonds: Progress in development of varieties consistently producing small sized nuts

Western grape leaf skeletonizer: 1954 biological control program indicates parasitism plus virus disease registering important reduction of vineyard pest

California red scale control: Natural enemies can keep pest under control in citrus groves when given help and in areas with favorable climate

Causes of avocado leaf injury: Certain foliage injury often attributed to insect feeding may actually be the result of some physiological disorder

Salt damage to strawberries: Types of water, irrigation system, and soil condition found to influence salt accumulation in strawberry plantings

Quality of dried french prunes: Studies on fruit maturity for influence on yield, quality, time-range for most profitable harvest of interior valley prunes

Rangeland forage: Almost trebled by seeding rose clover and use of sulfur-bearing fertilizers

Insect transmission, host range, and field spread of potato calico